| 词条 | Black Forest house |
| 释义 |
The Black Forest house[1][2][3] ({{lang-de|Schwarzwaldhaus}}) is a byre-dwelling that is found mainly in the central and southern parts of the Black Forest in southwestern Germany. It is characterised externally by a long hipped or half-hipped roof that descends to the height of the ground floor. This type of dwelling is suited to the conditions of the Black Forest: hillside locations, broad tracks, high levels of snowfall and heavy wind loading. Individual farms, such as the Hierahof near Kappel, which are still worked today, are over 400 years old. The Black Forest house is described by Dickinson as very characteristic of the Swabian farmstead type.[1] House typesDepending on the site of the individual farms various types of Black Forest house have emerged which are designed to cope with the specific climatic situation. Hermann Schilli, the initiator of the open-air museum of Vogtsbauernhof distinguishes seven types of Black Forest house:[4]
DesignThe house combines both living and working rooms, as well as animal stalls, under one roof. The largely wooden superstructure of the house usually rests on a basement made of natural stone. RoofThe great roof, with its long overhangs, sweeps right down to the ground floor at the sides, shading the walls of the house in summer whilst allowing the sun, now much lower in the sky, to warm the walls in winter. Depending on the situation, the roof was covered with wooden shingles or thatch, whilst today they are generally covered with tiles. In the high regions of the Black Forest, where cattle farming and forestry predominate, shingles are overwhelmingly used, whilst in the valleys, thatch is most common. The half-hipped roof, with its sides sloping in all directions, reduces the wind loading area and reduces wear. The attic acts as a hayloft and is accessed via a ramp or a footbridge from the rising slope behind the house. The often dormer-shaped entrance is known in Alemannic as a "Ifahrhüsli". The hay can easily be thrown down into the stalls below from the hayloft through a so-called hay hatch (Heuloch, literally "hay hole"). Living areaThe centrepoint of the living area was a centrally-sited tiled stove or Kachelofen. It was also known in Alemannic as a Kunscht. Heated from the kitchen, it simultaneously warmed the parlour as well as the bedrooms above. The distribution of warm air to the floors above can be regulated by wooden slats. Often there was no chimney, rather the smoke was funnelled away by a flue, was used to smoke meat and then exited through the roof. That neutralised the dampness of the stalls and preserved the wood. Cattle stallsIn the rear part of the house were the cattle stalls; the animals contributed to the heating of the house in the winter. Sometimes the quarters for the farm hands and maids were situated above the stalls. CellarThe cellar, built from natural stone, protected the building from the dampness of the ground. It acted both in winter and summer as a cool storage area for easily perishable foodstuffs. OutbuildingsDepending on local circumstances and the scope of farming activity there could be several outbuildings near the actual farmhouse, including the Libding, a small home for old farmers who lived here after handing the farm over. There was often a chapel next to the farmyard too. Sometimes there was also a small bakehouse, sheds for implements, coaches, sleds and, where there was a stream, a small corn mill for domestic use. Next to many farms there was also a Löschteich, a pond that provided a reservoir of water in the event of fire. Black Forest houses todayMany Black Forest farms still have the typical Black Forest houses today. However, internally they have usually been upgraded to satisfy modern day needs (in terms of living comfort and the installation of machines). Sometimes new cattle sheds were built next to the farmhouse in order to ensure that the keeping of dairy cows met modern standards. Frequently silos have been erected next to the farmyards for silage feed. Farmers often convert rooms that have become free into guest rooms or holiday apartments in order to provide an additional source of income. A variety of historic farms from different parts of the Black Forest have been rebuilt, true to the original, in the Vogtsbauernhof Open Air Museum. In the television series, Schwarzwaldhaus 1902, the broadcasting company, Südwestrundfunk, invited a modern family to live in a way that replicated life a hundred years ago in a Black Forest house in the village of Münstertal in the southern Black Forest. References1. ^1 Dickinson, Robert E (1964). Germany: A regional and economic geography (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 154. {{ASIN|B000IOFSEQ}}. 2. ^Günter Pfeifer, Per Brauneck (2008). Courtyard Houses: A Housing Typology, Volume 1, Birkhäuser, Basel, Boston, Berlin, p. 6. {{ISBN|978-3-7643-7839-4}}. 3. ^Wood, George (1984). The Visitor's Guide to the Black Forest, Moorland, pp. 104, 146. 4. ^Hermann Schilli: Ländliche Haus- und Hofformen im alemannischen Gebiet Badens. Badische Heimat 31 (1951) p. 178 (online) 5. ^Ulrich Schnitzer: Schwarzwaldhäuser von gestern für die Landwirtschaft von morgen. Mit Beiträgen von Franz Meckes u.a., Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 1989, {{ISBN|3-8062-0567-1}}, pp. 33 ff. Literature
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5 : Farmhouses|Wooden buildings and structures in Germany|Black Forest|Architecture of Germany|Vernacular architecture |
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