| 词条 | Pedanius Dioscorides | |||||
| 释义 |
| name = Pedanius Dioscorides | image = File:ViennaDioscoridesAuthorPortrait.jpg | alt = | caption = Dioscorides receives a mandrake root, an illumination from the 6th century Greek Juliana Anicia Codex | birth_name = | birth_date = c. 40 AD | birth_place = Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor | death_date = c. 90 AD | death_place = | nationality = | other_names = Dioscurides | known_for = De Materia Medica | occupation = Army physician, pharmacologist, botanist }} Pedanius Dioscorides ({{lang-grc-gre|Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης}} Pedanios Dioskouridēs; {{c.}} 40 – 90 AD) was a Greek physician, pharmacologist, botanist, and author of De Materia Medica ({{lang-grc|Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς}}, On Medical Material) —a 5-volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years. He was employed as a medic in the Roman army. LifeA native of Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, Dioscorides likely studied medicine nearby at the school in Tarsus, which had a pharmacological emphasis, and he dedicated his medical books to Laecanius Arius, a medical practitioner there.{{efn|The dedication, translated by Scarborough and Nutton,[1] began "At your insistence I have assembled my material into five books, and I dedicate my compendium to you in fulfilment of a debt of gratitude for your sentiments towards me".[2]}}[2][3] Though he says he served in the Roman army, his pharmacopeia refers almost solely to plants found in the Greek-speaking eastern Mediterranean, making it unlikely that he served in campaigns (or traveled) outside that region.[4] The name Pedanius is Roman, suggesting that an aristocrat of that name sponsored him to become a Roman citizen.[5] De Materia Medica{{main|De Materia Medica}}Between AD 50 and 70 [6] Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, {{lang|grc|Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς}} (Peri hules iatrikēs), known in Western Europe more often by its Latin title De Materia Medica ("On Medical Material"), which became the precursor to all modern pharmacopeias.[7] In contrast to many classical authors, Dioscorides' works were not "rediscovered" in the Renaissance, because his book had never left circulation; indeed, with regard to Western materia medica through the early modern period, Dioscorides' text eclipsed the Hippocratic corpus.[8] In the medieval period, De Materia Medica was circulated in Greek, as well as Latin and Arabic translation.[9] While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary and minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources. Ibn al-Baitar's commentary on Dioscorides' Materia Medica, entitled “Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs”, has been used by scholars to identify many of the flora mentioned by Dioscorides.[10] A number of illustrated manuscripts of De Materia Medica survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated Vienna Dioscurides, produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries, while Greek manuscripts survive today in the monasteries of Mount Athos.[11] De Materia Medica is the prime historical source of information about the medicines used by the Greeks, Romans, and other cultures of antiquity. The work also records the Dacian,[12] Thracian,[13] Roman, ancient Egyptian and North African (Carthaginian) names for some plants, which otherwise would have been lost. The work presents about 600 plants in all,[14] although the descriptions are sometimes obscurely phrased, leading to comments such as: "Numerous individuals from the Middle Ages on have struggled with the identity of the recondite kinds",[15] while some of the botanical identifications of Dioscorides' plants remain merely guesses. De Materia Medica formed the core of the European pharmacopeia through the 19th century, suggesting that "the timelessness of Dioscorides' work resulted from an empirical tradition based on trial and error; that it worked for generation after generation despite social and cultural changes and changes in medical theory".[8]The plant genus Dioscorea, which includes the yam, was named after him by Linnaeus.[16] ImagesTranslations
In literatureIn Voltaire's Candide, the title character's injuries received at the hands of the Bulgarian army, into which he had been conscripted, are healed using "emollients taught by Dioscorides." See also
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^Scarborough and Nutton, 1982 2. ^1 {{cite book |last=Stobart |first=Anne |title=Critical Approaches to the History of Western Herbal Medicine: From Classical Antiquity to the Early Modern Period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SseAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA193 |year=2014 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4411-8418-4 |page=193}} 3. ^{{cite book | title=Principles and methods of toxicology | editor-first=Andrew Wallace | editor-last=Hayes | page=13 | author1=Borzelleca, Joseph F. | author2=Lane, Richard W. | contribution=The Art, the Science, and the Seduction of Toxicology: an Evolutionary Development | edition=5th | year=2008 | publisher=Taylor & Francis}} 4. ^Nutton, Vivian. Ancient medicine. Routledge, 2012. p. 178 5. ^{{cite book |title=The Western Herbal Tradition: 2000 Years of Medicinal Plant Knowledge |author=Tobyn, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Midge |edition=illustrated |publisher=Singing Dragon |year=2016 |isbn=9780857012593 |page=4}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/greek/greek_dioscorides.html | title=Greek Medicine | publisher=National Institutes of Health, USA | date=16 September 2002 | accessdate=1 July 2013}} 7. ^{{cite book |title=The History of Medicine |author=Rooney, Anne |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2012 |isbn=9781448873708 |page=121}} 8. ^1 De Vos (2010) "European Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a Tradition and Implications for Future Use", Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132(1):28–47 9. ^Some detail about medieval manuscripts of De Materia Medica at pages xxix–xxxi in Introduction to Dioscorides Materia Medica by TA Osbaldeston, year 2000. 10. ^Zohar Amar, Agricultural Produce in the Land of Israel in the Middle Ages (Hebrew title: גידולי ארץ-ישראל בימי הביניים), Ben-Zvi Institute: Jerusalem 2000, p. 270 {{ISBN|965-217-174-3}} (Hebrew); Tafsīr Kitāb Diāsqūrīdūs - commentaire de la “Materia Medica” de Dioscoride de Abū Muḥammad ʻAbdallāh ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Bayṭār de Malaga (ed. Ibrahim Ben Mrad), Beirut 1989 (Arabic title: تفسير كتاب دياسقوريدوس) 11. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=PA1077&lpg=PA1077&dq=dioscorides+%22mount+athos | title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures | publisher=Springer | author=Selin, Helaine | year=2008 | page=1077}} 12. ^{{cite book | last = Nutton |first=Vivian | title = Ancient Medicine | publisher = Routledge | year = 2004|ref=CITEREFNutton2004}}. Page 177. 13. ^{{cite book | last = Murray |first=J. | title = The Academy | publisher = Alexander and Shephrard | year = 1884|ref=CITEREFMurray1884}}. Page 68. 14. ^{{cite book | last = Krebs |first=Robert E. |first2=Carolyn A. |last2=Krebs | title = Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group | year = 2003|ref=CITEREFKrebs2003}}. Pages 75–76. 15. ^Isely, Duane (1994). One hundred and one botanists. Iowa State University Press. 16. ^{{cite book |title=Florida Ethnobotany |author=Austin, Daniel F. |edition=illustrated |publisher=CRC Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780203491881 |page=267}} Sources
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12 : 40 births|90 deaths|Ancient Greek writers|Ancient Greek pharmacologists|Ancient Greek physicians|Pre-Linnaean botanists|Ancient Greek botanists|Herbalists|1st-century Greek people|1st-century writers|Pedanii|1st-century physicians |
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