| 词条 | Blood type distribution by country | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
ABO and distribution by country{{Disputed section|date=April 2012}}
Blood group B has its highest frequency in South Asia where it ranks first as the largest share of the earth's population. In Southeast Asia the share of the population is high, especially in Thailand and Indonesia, then in East Asia, Northern Asia and neighboring Central Asia, and its incidence diminishes both towards the east and the west, falling to single digit percentages in Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and Switzerland.[40][41] It is believed to have been entirely absent from Native American and Australian Aboriginal populations prior to the arrival of Europeans in those areas.[41][42] Blood group A is associated with high frequencies in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and Central Europe, although its highest frequencies occur in some Australian Aboriginal populations and the Blackfoot Indians of Montana, the US.[43][44] Maps of allele ABO among native populationsReferences1. ^[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html CIA World Factbook] 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://biology.asj-oa.am/5511/1/87.pdf|title=Study of Blood Immunogenetical Markers in Armenian Population|last=|first=|date=1989|website=|access-date=}} 3. ^Blood Types - What Are They?, Australian Red Cross 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.roteskreuz.at/blutspende/blut-im-detail/wissenswertes-ueber-blut/blutgruppen/|title=Austrian Red Cross - Blood Donor Information |publisher=Old.roteskreuz.at |date=2006-03-21 |accessdate=2010-11-19}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rodekruiswielsbeke.be/infobloed.html |title=Rode Kruis Wielsbeke - Blood Donor information material |publisher=Rodekruiswielsbeke.be |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126094553/http://www.rodekruiswielsbeke.be/infobloed.html |archivedate=26 November 2010 |df= }} 6. ^Tipos Sanguíneos {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309160736/http://www.hemoam.org.br/?secao=sangue_tipos |date=9 March 2013 }} 7. ^{{cite web|author=Canadian Blood Services - Société canadienne du sang |url=https://blood.ca/en/blood/facts-about-whole-blood|title=Types & Rh System, Canadian Blood Services |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19}} 8. ^- ΚENTΡΟ ΑΙΜΑΤΟΣ 9. ^{{cite web|author=Czech Red Cross|url=http://www.cckpraha1.cz/krev.htm|title=Podíl krevních skupin v populaci České republiky|publisher=|date=|accessdate=2011-03-18|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624015829/http://www.cckpraha1.cz/krev.htm|archivedate=24 June 2009|df=}} 10. ^[https://givblod.dk/fakta-om-blod/blodtyper/ Frequency of major blood groups in the Danish population.] 11. ^{{Cite web | title = ¿Por qué donar Sangre? ¡Para Salvar Vidas! | trans-title = Why donate blood? to save lives! | website = Cruz Roja Salvadoreña | date = | accessdate = 2017-11-23 | url = http://www.cruzrojasal.org.sv/seccion-es.php?seccion=2&cat=18/ | language = es | quote = | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160828/http://www.cruzrojasal.org.sv/seccion-es.php?seccion=2&cat=18%2F# | archive-date = 15 September 2017 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }} 12. ^{{Cite web | title = Veregruppidest | trans-title = Blood groups | author = | website = verekeskus.ee | date = | accessdate = 2017-11-23 | url = https://verekeskus.ee/verest/veregruppidest/ | language = et | quote = }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.veripalvelu.fi/verenluovutus/pisarat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317173720/https://www.veripalvelu.fi/verenluovutus/pisarat |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2017-03-17 |title=Kertovat |publisher= |date=2009-08-21 |accessdate=2010-11-19 |language=Finnish }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chpg.mc/go/article.php3?id_article=111 |title= Les groupes sanguins (système ABO) |accessdate=2008-07-15 |website=Centre Hospitalier Princesse GRACE - Monaco |year=2005 |publisher=C.H.P.G. MONACO | language = French}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www4.landspitali.is/lsh_ytri.nsf/pages/bb_blodflokkarnir |title=Blóðflokkar |publisher=.landspitali.is |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19 |language=Icelandic |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719064601/http://www4.landspitali.is/lsh_ytri.nsf/pages/bb_blodflokkarnir |archivedate=2011-07-19 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rhesusnegative.net/themission/bloodtypefrequencies/|title=Blood Type Frequencies by Country including the Rh Factor}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.giveblood.ie/Learn-About-Blood/Blood_Group_Basics |title=Irish Blood Transfusion Service - Irish Blood Group Type Frequency Distribution|accessdate=2009-11-07|publisher=Irish Blood Transfusion Service}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mdais.org/362/ |title=The national rescue service in Israel |publisher=Mdais.org |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19|language=Hebrew| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101126002311/http://mdais.org/362/| archivedate= 26 November 2010 | deadurl= no}} 19. ^{{Cite web | title = Blood Types in Jamaica | author = | website = National Blood Transfusion Service | date = | accessdate = 2017-11-23 | url = http://nbts.gov.jm/blood-donation/blood-types-in-jamaica/ | quote = }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jrc.or.jp/blood/knowledge/tipe/index.html |title=血液の知識 |publisher=Japanese Red Cross Society |date= |accessdate=2012-08-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729074723/http://www.jrc.or.jp/blood/knowledge/tipe/index.html |archivedate=2012-07-29 |df= }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.croix-rouge.lu/en/faq-2/#que_savoir |title=Croix Rouge |accessdate=2017-01-21}} 22. ^{{cite journal |last1=Canizalez-Román |first1=A |last2=Campos-Romero |first2=A |last3=Castro-Sánchez |first3=JA |last4=López-Martínez |first4=MA |last5=Andrade-Muñoz |first5=FJ |last6=Cruz-Zamudio |first6=CK |last7=Ortíz-Espinoza |first7=TG |last8=León-Sicairos |first8=N |last9=Gaudrón Llanos |first9=AM |last10=Velázquez-Román |first10=J |last11=Flores-Villaseñor |first11=H |last12=Muro-Amador |first12=S |last13=Martínez-García |first13=JJ |last14=Alcántar-Fernández |first14=J |title=Blood Groups Distribution and Gene Diversity of the ABO and Rh (D) Loci in the Mexican Population |journal=BioMed Research International |date=2018 |volume=2018 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1155/2018/1925619 |pmid=29850485 |pmc=5937518 |url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2018/1925619/ |accessdate=18 August 2018}} 23. ^Sanguina 24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sanquin.nl/Sanquin-nl/erygrafiek.nsf/All/Voorraad-Erytrocytenconcentraten-Bij-Sanquin.html |title=Voorraad Erytrocytenconcentraten Bij Sanquin |accessdate=2009-03-27 |language=Dutch |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626121309/http://www.sanquin.nl/Sanquin-nl/erygrafiek.nsf/All/Voorraad-Erytrocytenconcentraten-Bij-Sanquin.html |archivedate=26 June 2009 |df= }} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nzblood.co.nz/give-blood/about-blood/inheritance-of-blood-groups/|title=What are Blood Groups? |publisher=NZ Blood |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19}} 26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.rodekors.no/gi-blod/info/blodtyper/|title=Blodtyper |language=Norwegian |trans-title=Blood type |accessdate=2018-09-23}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org.ph/get-involved/give-blood/frequently-asked-questions-give-blood |title=Philippine Red Cross |accessdate=2014-07-15}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://rckik.wroclaw.pl/?id=5&go=0 |title=Regionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa we Wroclawiu |publisher=Rckik.wroclaw.pl |date=2010-09-02 |accessdate=2010-11-19|language=Polish}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsangue.org/maxcontent-documento-107.html|title=Portuguese Blood Institute|language=Portuguese}} (assuming Rh and AB antigens are independent) 30. ^{{Cite journal | title = Frequency of ABO blood groups in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia | trans-title = | last = BASHAWRI | first = Layla A. | last2 = AL-MULHIMiz | first2 = Abdul Az | last3 = AHMAD | first3 = Malik S. | journal = Saudi Medical Journal | date = 2001 | volume= 22|issue= 11| pages = 1008–12| pmid= 11744976 |issn= 0379-5284 }} 31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ntssr.sk/najcastejsie-otazky/20,10 |publisher=Národná transfúzna služba SR |accessdate=2017-09-22|language=Slovak|trans-title=Frequently Asked Questions|title=Najčastejšie otázky}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sanbs.org.za/donors_whattype.htm |title=What's Your Type? |publisher=South African National Blood Service |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206110005/http://www.sanbs.org.za/donors_whattype.htm |archivedate=2010-02-06 |df= }} 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.donantesdesangre.net/menu.htm |title=Federación Nacional de Donantes de Sangre/La sangre/Grupos |publisher=Donantesdesangre.net |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19}} 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geblod.nu/general.aspx?PageId=10 |title=Frequency of major blood groups in the Swedish population |publisher=Geblod.nu |date=2007-10-02 |accessdate=2010-11-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124064308/http://www.geblod.nu/general.aspx?PageId=10 |archivedate=24 November 2010 |df= }} 35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.blutspende.ch/fr/don_de_sang/sanguin_groupe/groupe_sanguin - BLUTSPENDE}} 36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kangrubu.com/default.asp?sayfa=kan_gruplari |title=Turkey Blood Group Site |publisher=Kangrubu.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529080457/http://www.kangrubu.com/default.asp?sayfa=kan_gruplari |archivedate=29 May 2010 |df= }} 37. ^{{cite web|url=http://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/about_blood/blood_types.html |title=Blood Types in the U.S |accessdate=2011-07-19 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719200400/http://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/about_blood/blood_types.html |archivedate=2011-07-19 |df= }} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.svh-web.org.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56&Itemid=144/ |title=preguntas-frecuentes|language=Spanish |accessdate=2014-09-23}} 39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html |title=Racial and ethnic distribution of ABO blood types |publisher=Bloodbook.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304222457/http://www.bloodbook.com/world-abo.html# |archive-date=4 March 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 40. ^{{Cite book | title=Selected contributions to the literature of blood groups and immunology. 1971 v. 4 | author=Blood Transfusion Division, United States Army Medical Research Laboratory | year=1971 | publisher=United States Army Medical Research Laboratory, Fort Knox, Kentucky | isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALilcA7Acd0C | quote=... In northern India, in Southern and Central China and in the neighboring Central Asiatic areas, we find the highest known frequencies of B. If we leave this center, the frequency of the B gene decreases almost everywhere ...}} 41. ^1 {{Cite book | title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica | author=Encyclopædia Britannica | year=2002 | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | isbn=978-0-85229-787-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpdUAAAAMAAJ | quote=... The maximum frequency of the B gene occurs in Central Asia and northern India. The B gene was probably absent from Native Americans and Australian Aboriginal people before racial admixture occurred with the coming of the white man ...}} 42. ^{{Cite book | title=Anthropology | author=Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember | year=1973 | publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts | isbn= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fvpFAAAAMAAJ | quote=... Blood type B is completely absent in most North and South American Indians ...}} 43. ^{{harvnb|Dean|2005|loc=[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2264/#ch2.1.4Ch. 2.1.4: Blood Type A: Central and Eastern Europe] Type A is common in Central and Eastern Europe. In countries such as Austria, Denmark, Norway, and Switzerland, about 45–50% of the population have this blood type, whereas about 40% of Poles and Ukrainians do so. The highest frequencies are found in small, unrelated populations. For example, about 80% of the Blackfoot Indians of Montana have blood type A ...}} 44. ^{{Cite book | title=Technical Monograph No. 2: The ABO Blood Group System and ABO Subgroups | author= | date=March 2005 | publisher=Biotec | isbn= | url=http://www.biotec.com/pdf/Technical%20Monograph%20No.%202%20-%20ABO%20system%20and%20subgroups.pdf | format=PDF | quote=... The frequency of blood group A is quite high (25–55%) in Europe, especially in Scandinavia and parts of central Europe. High group A frequency is also found in the Aboriginal people of South Australia (up to 45%) and in certain American Indian tribes where the frequency reaches 35% ... | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206095952/http://www.biotec.com/pdf/Technical%20Monograph%20No.%202%20-%20ABO%20system%20and%20subgroups.pdf | archivedate=6 February 2007 | df=dmy-all }} See also
2 : Blood|Human genetics |
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