“Blue Qur'an”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Blue Qur'an (Arabic: المصحف الأزرق al-Muṣḥaf al-′Azraq) is a late 9th to early 10th-century Fatimid Tunisian Qur'an manuscript in Kufic calligraphy, probably created in North Africa for the Great Mosque of Kairouan.^[1] It is among the most famous works of Islamic calligraphy,^[1] and has been called "one of the most extraordinary luxury manuscripts ever created."^[2] Art historian Yasser Tabbaa wrote that the "evanescent effect" of the gold lettering on indigo "appears to affirm the Mu'tazili belief in the created and mysterious nature of the Word of God."^[3]

History

Although scholars generally agree on its provenance and dating, recent scholarship by Alain George dates the manuscript rather earlier, to the early Abbasid caliphate;^[4] it has also been dated as late as 1020 CE and placed in Córdoba as well as Qairawan.^[5] The Blue Qur'an is also one of the only extant Fatimid Qur'ans.^[3] Even older Qur'anic manuscripts are the Sana'a manuscript,^[6] Samarkand Kufic Quran,^[7] and Topkapi manuscript.^[8] It is written in gold and decorated in silver (that has since oxidized) on vellum colored with indigo, a unique aspect of a Quranic manuscript, probably emulating the purple parchment used for Byzantine Imperial manuscripts.^[1]^[9] Red ink is also used.^[13]

A Maghribi script Qur'an manuscript written in gold on blue paper has been dated to the 13th or 14th century, inviting comparison to the Blue Qur'an. The Maghribi manuscript's parchment is a lighter tone than the Blue Qur'an and is more heavily decorated, having a foliage motif throughout.^[4]

The manuscript's approximately 600 pages^[4] were dispersed during the Ottoman period; today most of it is located in the National Institute of Art and Archaeology Bardo National Museum in Tunis, with detached folios in museums worldwide.^[10]^[11] These institutions include the Musée de la Civilisation et des Arts Islamiques in Raqqada, which has 67 folios.^[4] The folios are differently sized: the folio held by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art is 28.25 cm by 37.46 cm,^[10] but there are pages as large as 31 cm by 41 cm.^[4] Most of the folios remained in Qairawan until the 1950s, when they were further dispersed.^[12] In 2012 and 2013, folios from the Blue Qur'an were sold in major Islamic art auctions, carrying a price of hundreds of thousands of dollars apiece. Christie's of London sold folios in 2012^[13]. Sotheby's auctioned off one folio in 2010 for a reported £529,250, a record-breaking sum and over double the low estimate for the lot.^[14]

Form

Each sura's verses are demarcated in groups of 20 with silver rosettes^[11] and the text itself is inked in gold; the precious metallic text and rich indigo might have been a way for the Fatimid dynasty, which controlled North Africa at the time, to display its wealth, power, and religion in the face of the Byzantine Empire, which controlled Anatolia,^[1] and used gold or silver ink on purple parchment for its most lavish manuscripts. The gold ink was created by grinding gold and suspending it in a solution.^[2] The surrounding decoration of the mihrab of the Great Mosque of Cordoba is similar to and might have been the model for the Blue Qur'an's design.^[1]^[11] Contemporaneous manuscripts were often written on dyed parchment, particularly saffron-colored parchment, a holdover from the pre-Islamic time. Though the method by which the Blue Qur'an was dyed remains unknown, Ibn Badis related the two contemporaneous methods of dying: dip-dying after the parchment was smoothed, or adding dye during the parchment production process.^[15] Given the brilliance of the color, it is likely that the parchment was dip-dyed before it was cured, impregnating it with the pigment.^[16]

The Kufic script has sharp angles and is written in groups of 15 lines per page with no vowel markings, common characteristics in 9th- and 10th-century Islamic manuscripts.^[3]^[11] The comparatively large number of lines on each page deviates from the norm of other contemporaneous Qur'ans, such as the Amajur Qur'an, that dictated three lines per horizontal page.^[17] A column of letters is perceptible on the right side of each folio, created by the insertion of spaces called caesurae that put single letters at the beginnings of lines.^[11] Words with unconnected letters are occasionally split between lines in the manuscript, another common feature of Qur'ans from this period.^[18] The spacing of the letters has been described as "almost musical" and as "visual rhythm" by Robert Hillenbrand.^[5] Another unusual feature of this manuscript is visible mastara lines on some pages, used by the calligrapher to place the text.^[19]

References

1. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/2004.88|title=Folio from the Blue Qur'an (Probably North Africa (Tunisia)) (2004.88)|date=September 2012|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|accessdate=28 April 2013}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/153526/Folio_from_the_Blue_Quran|title=Folio From the Blue Qur'an|publisher=Brooklyn Museum|accessdate=28 April 2013}}
3. ^¹²{{cite journal|last=Tabbaa|first=Yasser|year=1991|title=The Transformation of Arabic Writing: Part I, Qur'ānic Calligraphy|journal=Ars Orientalis|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan|volume=21|pages=119–148|jstor=4629416}}
4. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal | title = Calligraphy, Colour and Light in the Blue Qur'an |first = Alain |last = George |journal = Journal of Qur'anic Studies |date = 1 January 2009}}
5. ^¹{{cite book |title = Islamic Art and Architecture |last = Hillenbrand |first = Robert |pages = 66–67 |year = 1999 |publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd. |isbn = 978-0-500-20305-7}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last=Dreibholz|first=Ursula|year=1999|title=Preserving a Treasure: The Sana'a Manuscripts|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001168/116850e.pdf|journal=Museum International|publisher=UNESCO|volume=51|number=3}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4581684.stm|title=Tashkent's hidden Islamic relic|date=5 January 2006|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=6 May 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ircica.org/al-mushaf-al-sharif-attributed-to-uthman-bin-affan/irc788.aspx|title=Al-Mushaf Al-Sharif Attributed to 'Uthman bin 'Affan|year=2009|publisher=IRCICA|accessdate=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6GowyaTt3?url=http://www.ircica.org/al-mushaf-al-sharif-attributed-to-uthman-bin-affan/irc788.aspx#|archive-date=2013-05-23|dead-url=yes|df=}}
9. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title = Calligraphy |editor-last1 = Bloom |editor-first1 = Jonathan |editor-last2 = Blair |editor-first2 = Sheila |work = The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |year = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 978-0-19-530991-1 |volume = 1 |page = 343}}
10. ^¹²{{cite web |url = http://collections.lacma.org/node/252330 |title = Folio from the Blue Quran |publisher = Los Angeles County Museum of Art |accessdate = 28 April 2013 }}
11. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web |url = http://www.akdn.org/museum/detail.asp?artifactid=1081 |title = Bifolium from the Blue Qur'an |publisher = Aga Khan Museum |accessdate = 28 April 2013 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521150609/http://www.akdn.org/Museum/detail.asp?artifactid=1081 |archivedate = 21 May 2013 |df = }}
12. ^{{cite journal |jstor = 40662688|last = Soucek |first = Priscilla P. |title = The Abbasid Tradition: Qur'ans of the 8th to the 10th Centuries A.D., The Nasser D. Khalili Collection of Islamic Art, vol. 1 by François Déroche (book review) |page = 131 |journal = Studies in the Decorative Arts |publisher = University of Chicago Press |date = Spring–Summer 1999 |volume = 6 |number = 2 }}
13. ^{{cite web |url = http://ca.iqna.ir/fr/news_detail.php?ProdID=988510 |title = Une page du Coran à la vente aux enchères Christie's de Londres |date = 18 April 2012 |accessdate = 8 June 2013 |publisher = agence Internationale de Presse Coranique |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130606012248/http://ca.iqna.ir/fr/news_detail.php?ProdID=988510 |archivedate = 6 June 2013 |df = }}
14. ^{{cite web |url = http://artdaily.com/news/41544/Sotheby-s-Islamic-Art-Sales-Series-Achieves-Record-Sum-of--pound-25-3---40-3--Million |title = Sotheby's Islamic Art Sales Series Achieves Record Sum of £25.3 ($40.3) Million |publisher = artdaily.org |accessdate = 12 January 2017}}
15. ^{{cite encyclopedia|year=2009|title=Paper|publisher=Oxford University Press|editor-last1=Bloom|editor-first1=Jonathan|volume=3|page=106|isbn=978-0-19-530991-1|editor-last2=Blair|editor-first2=Sheila|work=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture}}
16. ^{{cite book|title=De Carthage à Kairouan: 2000 ans d'art et d'histoire en Tunisie|last=Fantar|first=Muhammad|publisher=AFAA|year=1982|page=241}}
17. ^{{cite book|title=Islamic Arts|last1=Bloom|first1=Jonathan|last2=Blair|first2=Sheila|publisher=Phaidon Press Limited|year=1997|isbn=0-7148-3176-X|page=73}}
18. ^{{cite journal|last=Blair|first=Sheila|year=2004|title=Ivories and Inscriptions from Islamic Spain|journal=Oriente Moderno|publisher=Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino|jstor=25817938}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=105223#anchor3|title=Calligraphic Tradition in Islam: Bifolium of the 'Blue Qur'an'|date=23 November 2010|publisher=The Institute of Ismaili Studies|accessdate=12 June 2013}}