词条 | Pembina, North Dakota |
释义 |
|official_name = Pembina, North Dakota |settlement_type = City |nickname = |motto = "Oldest Settlement in the Dakota Territories" |image_skyline = Pembina.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Building and water tower in Pembina |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = ND Pembina County Pembina.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location of Pembina, North Dakota |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = United States |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = North Dakota |subdivision_type2 = County |subdivision_name2 = Pembina |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date = |unit_pref = Imperial |area_footnotes = [1] |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = 1.99 |area_land_km2 = 1.99 |area_water_km2 = 0 |area_total_sq_mi = 0.77 |area_land_sq_mi = 0.77 |area_water_sq_mi = 0 |population_as_of = 2010 |population_est = 563 |pop_est_as_of = 2016 |pop_est_footnotes = [2] |population_footnotes = [3] |population_total = 592 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = auto |timezone = Central (CST) |utc_offset = -6 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = -5 |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 237 |elevation_ft = 778 | pushpin_map = North Dakota#USA | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Pembina in North Dakota and the US | pushpin_label = Pembina | pushpin_label_position = bottom |coordinates = {{coord|48|57|59|N|97|14|43|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}} |postal_code_type = ZIP code |postal_code = 58271 |area_code = 701 |blank_name = FIPS code |blank_info = 38-61580 |blank1_name = GNIS feature ID |blank1_info = 1030666[1] |website = |footnotes = }} Pembina ({{IPAc-en|audio=pembina-nd.ogg|ˈ|p|ɛ|m|b|ɪ|n|ə}}) is a city in Pembina County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 592 at the 2010 census.[2] Pembina is located {{convert|2|mi}} south of the Canada–US border. Interstate 29 passes on the west side of Pembina, leading north to the Canada–US border at Emerson, Manitoba and south to the cities of Grand Forks and Fargo. The Pembina-Emerson Border Crossing is the busiest between Blaine, Washington and Detroit, Michigan and the fifth busiest along the Canada-United States border. It is one of three 24-hour ports of entry in North Dakota, the others being Portal and Dunseith.[3] The Emerson-Noyes border crossing, located {{convert|2|mi}} to the east on the Minnesota side of the Red River, also processed cross border traffic until its closure in 2006. The area of Pembina was long inhabited by various indigenous peoples. At the time of 16th century French exploration and fur trading, historical American Indian tribes included the Lakota (Sioux, as the French called them), the Chippewa (Ojibwe), and the Assiniboine. The British/Canadian Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established a fur-trading post on the site of present-day Pembina in 1797, and it is the oldest European-American community in the Dakotas.[4] The first permanent HBC-sponsored settlement in Pembina started in 1812.[4] Prior to the Treaty of 1818, Pembina was located in Rupert's Land, the HBC's trading territory. The treaty transferred the Red River Valley south of the 49th parallel to the United States, but until 1823, both the United States and the British authorities believed Pembina was north of the 49th and therefore in Rupert's Land. That year United States Army Major Stephen H. Long's survey of the 49th parallel revealed Pembina's location to be just south of the Rupert's Land – United States border.[5] In 1851, the US established its first post office in present-day North Dakota in Pembina.[6] Pembina was the most populous place in North Dakota according to the 1860 census. Pembina served as county seat from 1867 to 1911. Pembina is home to the U.S. satellite plant of Motor Coach Industries, which completes assembly of intercity buses. Its major clients include Greyhound Lines. NamesakeThe name Pembina is an Ojibwa word for Viburnum edule, a bushy plant with bright red berries which grows in the area.[7] HistoryThe Pembina area was historically at the borders of the territories of the Lakota, the Chippewa, and the Assiniboine, American Indian tribes, who competed for hegemony. Their conflict increased beginning with the French introduction of firearms in the late 17th century as part of their goods traded for furs. The first known European visitors to the Pembina region were the French La Vérendrye family in the early 18th century. Pembina's recorded history of European encounter extended for more than 200 years. Started by the French as a fur trading post for commerce with the American Indians, it was also tied to trade for American Bison. European trappers who hunted in the Red River of the North area frequently married Indian women and often lived with local tribes at least part of the year. Their mixed-race descendants became part of their hunting and trapping culture, and formed the later ethnic group recognized in Canada as Métis people. The settlement was associated with the histories of French Canada, the North West Company (NWC). the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), the Red River Colony, Battle of Seven Oaks, the Red River Rebellion, Assiniboia, and Manitoba. Through much of the nineteenth century, Métis families used the two-wheeled Red River ox cart trains to travel into the Great Plains, where the men would hunt bison and women would process the meat, skins, and bones.[8] All parts were used for clothing, tepees, etc. Their regular trade routes became known as the Red River Trails. This area was part of the United States' Dakota and Minnesota territories; and Canada–US border politics. Fort Pembina trading posts
Fort PembinaDue to the unrest among American Indians of the Red River Valley after the American Civil War, the Minnesota Legislature petitioned Congress to build a fort, especially to defend against incursions by the Lakota (Sioux), some of whom had migrated to Canada to evade the US Army. As a result, Major General Winfield Scott Hancock recommended the establishment of the post on December 8, 1869; Fort Pembina was completed on July 8, 1870. Located a mile and a half south of the settlement, it was just above the mouth of the Pembina River. It was originally called Fort Thomas, for Major General George H. Thomas, who died on March 28, 1870. The post was designated Fort Pembina on September 6, 1870. Seriously damaged by fire on May 27, 1895, it was abandoned on August 16, 1895. It was later sold at public auction.[13] Recent historyThe noted American author Louise Erdrich has represented the Pembina River and the Pembina Band of the Ojibwe Indians on the Turtle Mountain Reservation in numerous works of fiction. In the past several books, the Pembina have celebrated their unique heritage. Despite its small size, Pembina maintained a television station, KCND-TV, from 1960 to 1975. The station was a border blaster primarily targeting Winnipeg from as close to the border as possible; when simultaneous substitution rules took effect in the early 1970s, Canadian interests bought the intellectual property of the station and relocated it to Winnipeg, where it was relicensed by the Canadian government as CKND-TV and has operated there ever since. Channel 12 in Pembina was rechristened as KNRR, a satellite of KVRR. Its population in federal censuses has not exceeded 1,000. GeographyPembina is located at {{Coord|48|57|59|N|97|14|43|W|type:city}} (48.966423, -97.245142),[14] in the far northeast corner of the North Dakota, at the confluence of the Red River of the North and the Pembina River. The city of St. Vincent, Minnesota lies adjacent to the east, across the Red River. The town of Emerson, Manitoba lies just north of the city on the other side of the international border. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|0.77|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all of it land.[15] Pembina experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb) with long, dry, very cold winters and very warm, wetter summers. {{Weather box|location = Pembina, North Dakota (1981-2010 Climate Normals) |single line = Y |Jan high F = 12.6 |Feb high F = 18.3 |Mar high F = 31.1 |Apr high F = 50.9 |May high F = 64.9 |Jun high F = 73.8 |Jul high F = 78.4 |Aug high F = 77.8 |Sep high F = 67.3 |Oct high F = 51.8 |Nov high F = 32.5 |Dec high F = 17.5 |Jan low F = −5.7 |Feb low F = −0.8 |Mar low F = 13.5 |Apr low F = 29.3 |May low F = 41.4 |Jun low F = 51.9 |Jul low F = 56.0 |Aug low F = 53.1 |Sep low F = 43.0 |Oct low F = 30.9 |Nov low F = 16.6 |Dec low F = 1.0 |Jan precipitation inch = 0.46 |Feb precipitation inch = 0.38 |Mar precipitation inch = 0.79 |Apr precipitation inch = 0.93 |May precipitation inch = 2.96 |Jun precipitation inch = 4.06 |Jul precipitation inch = 3.10 |Aug precipitation inch = 2.63 |Sep precipitation inch = 2.15 |Oct precipitation inch = 1.71 |Nov precipitation inch = 0.96 |Dec precipitation inch = 0.52 |source 1= NOAA (normals, 1981–2010) [16] |date=October 22}} Demographics{{US Census population|1880= 287 |1890= 670 |1900= 929 |1910= 717 |1920= 802 |1930= 551 |1940= 703 |1950= 640 |1960= 625 |1970= 741 |1980= 673 |1990= 642 |2000= 642 |2010= 592 |estyear=2016 |estimate=563 |estref=[17] |align-fn=center |footnote=U.S. Decennial Census[18] 2015 Estimate[19] }} 2010 censusAs of the census[20] of 2010, there were 592 people, 237 households, and 156 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|768.8|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 279 housing units at an average density of {{convert|362.3|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.1% White, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 1.4% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population. There were 237 households of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.2% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.17. The median age in the city was 40.6 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.4% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. 2000 censusAs of the census of 2000, there were 642 people, 250 households, and 177 families residing in the city. The population density was 843.1 people per square mile (326.2/km²). There were 274 housing units at an average density of 359.8 per square mile (139.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.57% White, 0.16% African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 1.56% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.87% of the population. There were 250 households out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.12. In the city, the population was spread out with 29.4% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $55,536, and the median income for a family was $59,722. Males had a median income of $35,250 versus $26,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,278. About 4.5% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over. Sites of interest
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |work=American FactFinder |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034521/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL2.ST13&prodType=table |archivedate=21 July 2011 |df= }} 3. ^Behind the Scenes at the Pembina Port 4. ^1 History of Pembina - City of Pembina website 5. ^"Where is Pembina?" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110182131/http://www.prairiepublic.org/programs/datebook/bydate/04/0804/080504.jsp |date=2008-01-10 }}, Prairie Public Radio Website 6. ^"Chronological history of North Dakota" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225856/http://www.nd.gov/hist/chrono.htm |date=2007-10-04 }}, State Historical Society 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Federal Writer's Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of North Dakota|title=The WPA Guide To 1930s North Dakota|date=1977|publisher=State Historical Society of North Dakota|isbn=1891419145|page=223|edition=2nd}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|author=George Bryce|title=The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company...|url =https://archive.org/stream/baycompanyhud00brycrich#page/369/mode/1up|publisher=Nabu Press|isbn=978-1-277-72735-7}} 9. ^{{cite book|author1=Francess G. Halpenny|author2=Jean Hamelin|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography, 1836-1850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-4_Hkor4BgC&pg=PA356|date=1 January 1988|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-8020-3452-6|page=356}} 10. ^Arthur Morton, "A History of the Canadian West", circa 1936, page 545 11. ^{{cite web| title =The ;Manitoba Historical Society (Fort Daer (Pembina, North Dakota))| url= http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/fortdaer.shtml| accessdate =2014-12-04}} 12. ^Elizabeth Browne Losey,"Let Them be Remembered:The Story of the Fur Trade Forts", 1999, pages 235-239 13. ^Forts in the Dakota Territory, Frohne & Son Historic Military, Accessed December 8, 2010 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2012-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/699nOulzi?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archivedate=2012-07-14 |df= }} 16. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/land-based-station-data/land-based-datasets/climate-normals/1981-2010-normals-data |title=1981-2010 Normals Data Access |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate=October 22, 2013 }} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=June 9, 2017}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=U.S. Decennial Census|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=May 29, 2013}} 19. ^{{cite web|title=Population Estimates |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=June 26, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019182931/https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2015/SUB-EST2015-3.html |archivedate=October 19, 2016 |df= }} 20. ^1 {{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2012-06-14}} External links
5 : Cities in Pembina County, North Dakota|Cities in North Dakota|Populated places established in 1812|Hudson's Bay Company trading posts|North West Company forts |
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