“Pender, Nebraska”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Pender is a village in Thurston County, Nebraska, United States. On March 22, 2016, the United States Supreme Court resolved a disagreement as to whether Pender is located on the Omaha Indian Reservation, holding unanimously that "the disputed land is within the reservation’s boundaries."^[3]^[4] The predominantly European-American population was 1,002 at the 2010 census.

The village is the county seat of Thurston County.^[5] European-American settlers founded the village in April 1885, naming it in honor of the Scottish politician and businessman Sir John Pender, a pioneer of the Transatlantic Cable. He founded what is now Cable & Wireless Worldwide, and was a director of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway.^[6]

Geography

Pender is located at {{coord|42|6|42|N|96|42|38|W|type:city}} (42.111563, -96.710612).^[7]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of {{convert|0.71|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all of it land.^[8]

Current issues

Tribal authorities of the federally recognized Omaha Nation assert that Pender is within the boundaries of the reservation as defined in its 1865 treaty with the United States. However, a Nebraska state court held in 1999 that the western boundary was a railroad right-of-way east of Pender, because of Omaha land sales to white farmers over the decades. The tribe's response is that the state does not have the power to redefine the boundary set by the Omaha treaty with the US government in 1865.^[9]

The boundary and jurisdiction issues have received recent testing related to traffic control and liquor sales.^[10] Seeking to gain revenue from "nuisance" businesses, the Omaha in 2006 passed a law establishing the requirement for liquor merchants to pay the tribe license fees and a 10% sales tax to operate within the reservation. It notified the seven liquor stores in Pender, as well as those in Rosalie, and Walthill, Nebraska, all within reservation boundaries, that as of January 1, 2007, they would have to pay the Omaha Tribe licensing fees and a 10 percent tax on sales in order to continue to operate within the reservation. Ben Thompson, an Omaha attorney who represents the tribe, said that it had the legal right to establish such laws within the reservation. The executive director of the Nebraska State Liquor Commission said that he would consult with the state attorney general on the issue.^[11]

In April 2007, liquor merchants in Pender (later joined by the village) filed a federal lawsuit challenging the tribe's authority to demand the liquor taxes, based on their contention that Pender was outside the reservation boundaries. In October 2007 the US District Court ordered the parties first to take their challenge to the Omaha Tribal Courts, as part of the "tribal exhaustion doctrine" established by federal precedent, and denied the plaintiffs' request for dismissal. Judge Richard Kopf said he may not be bound by the tribal court, but wanted to hear their opinion.^[12] He required the parties to report back to him regularly until a ruling was made by the Omaha Tribal Courts. While the case was pending, the judge ordered a temporary stay on the merchants' paying the liquor sales tax to the Omaha Tribe.^[12]

In January 2012, the plaintiffs in Pender v. Omaha Tribe filed a request with the Omaha Tribal Courts for a summary judgment due to the length of time the case had taken. The defendants requested that no hearing be held before June 2012. The plaintiffs had submitted a detailed report to them by an expert witness on transactions related to Pender and the western boundary. In 2008 the village had voted for a five-year, 1% sales tax to finance its lawsuit related to the boundary and liquor tax issues, as well as to promote economic development in the town.^[13]

On March 22, 2016, the Supreme Court unanimously held that Pender was within the boundaries of the Omaha Indian reservation.

Demographics

2010 census

As of the census^[17] of 2010, there were 1,002 people, 444 households, and 291 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert|1411.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 497 housing units at an average density of {{convert|700.0|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 95.5% White, 1.8% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 444 households of which 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.5% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the village was 49.5 years. 19.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.3% were from 25 to 44; 28.8% were from 45 to 64; and 27.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,148 people, 489 households, and 310 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,801.9 people per square mile (692.6/km²). There were 542 housing units at an average density of 850.7 per square mile (327.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.34% White, 0.09% African American, 0.78% Native American, 0.26% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.

There were 489 households out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the village, the population was spread out with 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 29.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $30,990, and the median income for a family was $38,333. Males had a median income of $26,008 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,672. About 3.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Notable natives

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2017_Gazetteer/2017_gaz_place_31.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jan 12, 2019}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=US Board on Geographic Names|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2007-10-25}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-1406_6536.pdf|title=Nebraska v. Parker, 14-1406|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=supremecourt.gov|access-date=}}
4. ^{{cite news|title=Supreme Court Unanimously Holds that Omaha Tribe’s Reservation Not Diminished by 1882 Statute |date= March 25, 2016 |first1=Skip |last1=Durocher |first2=James |last2=Nichols |first3=Mary |last3=Streitz |last-author-amp=yes |publisher= Dorsey & Whitney LLP |location=Minneapolis, MN |url= http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/supreme-court-unanimously-holds-that-88062/ |access-date=28 March 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|accessdate=2011-06-07|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}
6. ^Honoring Pender's 125th Anniversary, Legislative Resolution 570
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}
8. ^{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2012-06-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/64vfLAeJ2?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|archivedate=2012-01-24|df=}}
9. ^Paul Hammel, “Debate Over Tribal Jurisdiction at Standstill Police on the Omaha Reservation; Want the Authority to Arrest non-Indians,”, Omaha World Herald (Nebraska), 15 February 2004, p. 3b, accessed 27 February 2012
10. ^Paul Hammel, "Nebraska, Indian Officials to Meet They Will Discuss Their Differences Over the Boundaries of the Omaha Tribe's Reservation and who Polices its Roads", Omaha World-Herald, 7 January 2003, 1b
11. ^Paul Hammel, "Tribe's Liquor Tax May Restart Old Boundary Dispute,", Omaha World-Herald (Nebraska), 28 December 2006, p. 03B, at H-Amindian Discussion Log, accessed 27 February 2012
12. ^¹Timberly Ross (Associated Press), "Judge orders liquor lawsuit to Omaha tribal court", News from Indian Country, October 2007, accessed 1 March 2012
13. ^"Pender has spent $285,000 on reservation boundary dispute", The Pender Times online, January 2012, accessed 1 March 2012
14. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=October 16, 2013}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012-3.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012|access-date=October 16, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019235623/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012-3.html|archivedate=October 19, 2013|df=}}
17. ^¹{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2012-06-24}}
18. ^Anderson, Todd. "Hoppner's humor lightens governor race", Daily Nebraskan. 2006-06-15. Retrieved 2012-03-01.