| 词条 | Bokeo Province | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = {{raise|0.2em|Bokeo Province}} | native_name = {{lower|0.2em|{{nobold|ແຂວງ ບໍ່ແກ້ວ}}}} | native_name_lang = lo | settlement_type = Province | image_skyline = Bokeo montage.jpg | image_caption = | image_alt = | image_map = Map of Bokeo Province, Laos.jpg | map_caption = Map of Bokeo Province | image_map1 = Bokeo Province-Laos.svg | map_caption1 = Location of Bokeo Province in Laos | coordinates = {{coord|20.3|100.417|type:adm1st_region:LA|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Laos}} | established_title = Established | established_date = | named_for = | seat_type = Capital | seat = Ban Houayxay | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 6,196 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = 179,243 | population_as_of = 2015 census | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = UTC+7 (ICT) | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | iso_code = LA-BK | blank_name_sec1 = HDI (2017) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.557[1] {{color|#fc0|medium}} · 13th | website = | footnotes = }}{{LaoText}} Bokèo (Laotian: ບໍ່ແກ້ວ {{IPA-lo|bɔ̄ː kɛ̂ːw|}}; literally "gem mine"; previously, Hua Khong, meaning "Head of the Mekong"){{sfn|Burke|Vaisutis|2007|p=214}} is a northern province of Laos. It is the smallest and least populous province in the country.[2] Bokeo Province covers an area of {{convert|6196|km2}}. Bokeo Province borders Luang Namtha Province to the northeast, Oudomxai Province to the east, Xaignabouli Province to the south, and Thailand to the southwest and Burma to the west and northwest. The province has five districts (Houay Xay, Tonpheung, Meung, Phaodom and Paktha) and is rich in deposits of precious and semiprecious stones. Bokeo's provincial capital is Houayxay on the Mekong river. The province is part of the “Golden Triangle”, at the crossing with Myanmar and Thailand.[3] There are 34 ethnic groups in the province. Houay Xay is the border town with Thailand and regional economic centre.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} HistoryBokeo ("gem mine") was named after the sapphires mined in Houay Xay District.{{sfn|Bush|Elliot|2010|p=172}} A stele that is dated to 1458 is located within the Wat Jom Kao Manilat, a pagoda built in 1880 in teak wood in Shan architectural style. Fort Carnot is another historical monument of the French colonial period, which is now with the Lao army.[3] The province was created in 1983, when it was split off from Louang Namtha Province. In 1992, Paktha and Pha Oudom Districts were reassigned from Oudomxay Province.{{sfn|Levinson|Christensen|2002|p=304}} In olden times, Houayxay town was a marked cross road trading centre between Yunnan province of China and Thailand, particularly for Chinese goods.[3] GeographyBokeo Province is the smallest of the country's provinces,[4] covering an area of {{convert|6196|km2}}.[5] Bokeo Province borders Luang Namtha Province to the northeast, Oudomxai Province to the east, Xaignabouli Province to the south, and Thailand to the southwest and Burma to the west and northwest.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Notable settlements include Houayxay, Mong Lin, Ban Thakate, Ban Meung Hong, Ban Ha Li Tai, Ban Khai San, Ban Nam Kueng, Ban Long and Ban Paung. The Nam Nga River flows through the province's Bokeo Nature Reserve, {{sfn|White|2010|p=290}} and is hemmed between the Mekong River bordering Thailand and Burma and is also along the trade route with China.[2] Don Sao is an island in Tonpheung District, which is connected to the mainland except during the rainy season.{{sfn|Burton|2005|p=149}} Protected areasThe Bokeo Nature Reserve was created as protection for the black crested gibbon (also known as "black-cheeked gibbon"), discovered in 1997, previously thought to be extinct. Elephants and wild water buffalo migrate through the reserve;{{sfn|DK Publishing|2011|p=183}} bears and tigers are also present.{{sfn|Outlook Publishing|2008|p=58}} The protected area, is characterized by a mix-deciduous forest and mountainous terrain (elevation ranging between 500–1500 m).{{sfn|White|2010|p=290}} The total area covered by the reserve is 136,000 ha covering the 66,000 ha in Bokeo Province and 70,000 ha in Luang Namtha Province with where critically endangered species of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) as the prime species brought under protection. According to a preliminary survey the number of gibbons in Nam Kane is substantial, particularly in and around the uninhabited Nam Kan river and its tributaries. This project is being supported and implement by Animo by the French entrepreneur Jean Francois Reumaux as a Gibbon Experience Project.[6] Gibbon Experience is a conservation project which came into existence after the indigenous black-cheeked gibbon was discovered. This experience is provided in the Bokeo Nature Reserve. The conservation programme has two components, one is of gibbon viewing huts, known as canopy huts (there are four such very large huts, well turned out with all facilities) in the vast forest reserve meant to view the black cheeked gibbons and the second component is to experience the beauty of the rain forests at the canopy level. Another experience is of the Waterfall Gibbon Experience which involves 3 hours of trekking to the location, deep in the reserve traversing along the Nam Nga River.{{sfn|White|2010|p=290}} Other than the gibbons the wildlife in the reserve reported are: great barbet (Megalaima virens); grey-headed parakeet (Psittacula finschii); grey leaf monkeys (Semnopithecus); crab-eating mongoose (Herpestes urva), tiger (Panthera tigris); smaller cats; dhole (Cuon alpinus), bears (two types); otters; sambar (Cervus unicolor); and wild cattle (gaur).[6] The 10,980 hectare Upper Lao Mekong Important Bird Area (IBA) stretches across the provinces of Bokeo, Oudomxai, and Sainyabuli. It is located at an altitude of {{convert|300|-|400|m}} above sea level. The topography features river channel, exposed beds, sandbars, sand and gravel bars, islands, rock outcrops, bushland, and braided streams. Confirmed avifauna include black-bellied tern (Sterna acuticauda), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), grey-headed lapwing (Vanellus cinereus), Jerdon's bush chat (Saxicola jerdoni), brown-throated martin (Riparia paludicola), river lapwing (Vanellus duvaucelii), small pratincole (Glareola lactea), and swan goose (Anser cygnoides).[7] Administrative divisionsThe province is made up of the following districts:[3]
DemographicsIts population was 179,300 in 2015,{{census|2015|}} in 36 townships, more than 400 villages.[3] With 34 ethnic groups (including Akha, Hmong, Khamu, Kalom, Kui, Lamet, Lao Huay, Mien, Musoe, Ngo, Phai, Phu Thai, Phuan, Phuvan, Samtao, Shan, Tahoy, Thai Daeng, Thai Dam, Thai Khao, Thai Lu, Thai Nai, and Chinese), the province's ethnic diversity is ranked second in the country,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} after Luang Namtha Province.{{sfn|Burke|Vaisutis|2007|p=214}} Most numerous though are the Lanten, Hmong, Lahu, Yao, Akha, and Tai Lue peoples.[8] The Lahu, a Tibeto-Burman speaking people who are part of ethnic group of northern Myanmar and Thailand also inhabit this province in large numbers.[3] EconomyThe provincial economy is now dominated by the Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone (GT SEZ), a de facto Chinese colony in which the only currencies accepted are Chinese yuan and Thai baht.[16] The zone is midway (20.361150, 100.099807) between Houay Xay, the provincial capital, and Tachileik, Myanmar. In 2007, Kings Romans Group, owned by well-connected Chinese husband and wife Zhao Wei and Su Guiqin, entered into a 99-year lease for 10,000 hectares on the banks of the Mekong.[9] The company was granted 3,000 of these hectares as a duty-free zone, now the SEZ. As gambling is illegal in China, and the SEZ is only a two-hour journey by road from China, casinos and hotels catering to a Chinese clientele were built.[10] A robust industry involving trafficking in endangered animals has grown up around the Chinese tourist trade. Several restaurants in the SEZ serve 'exotic' meats: tiger, pangolin, bear cub, and python. Menus openly include such fare as bear paw, monitor lizards, geckos, and snakes and turtles. Tiger bone wine is a frequent accompaniment. Shops in the SEZ sell animal parts, stuffed animals, and ivory, all in contravention of the CITES treaty to which Laos is a party.[11] In January 2018, the US Treasury Department announced sanctions against what it called Zhao’s transnational criminal organisation, naming two registered Hong Kong companies under the Kings Romans Group as its corporate fronts and identifying Zhao and Su as the organisation’s leaders. The department said at the time, "The Zhao Wei crime network engages in an array of horrendous illicit activities, including human trafficking and child prostitution, drug trafficking and wildlife trafficking."[9] Houay Xay, the capital city of the province, has most of the remainder of the province's economic activity.[2] The province is one of the main maize producing areas of Laos.[12] Commercial mining for precious stones and gold is a major economic activity.[3] Ban Nam Khok and Ban Houi Sala, located about {{convert|6|km}} and {{convert|18|km}} from Bokeo town respectively, are notable mining areas.[5] Buhae Industrial Corp., which is mining for sapphires, is a major operating company in Houay Xay District.{{sfn|Geological Survey|2010|14}} Many of the ethnic Lantaen villages are noted for their production of traditional saa paper and other crafts.[8] Paa beuk, a catfish, the largest freshwater fish in the world, is found in the Mekong river. It grows to {{convert|3|m}} in length and could weigh up to 300 kg. It is an economic resource for the people as it has a high price in the market, the meat of this endangered fish being a delicacy.[3]{{See also|Tiger bone wine}} LandmarksThere are several temples in the capital city of Houayxay, including Wat Chamkao Manilat,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Wat Jom Khao Manilat (constructed in 1880), Wat Thadsuvanna Pkakham (with eight gilded Buddhas), Wat Khonekeo Xaiyaram (with red, gold, and green doors and pillars), and Wat Keophone Savanthanaram (with a reclining Buddha behind chicken wire) {{sfn|Bush|Elliot|2010|p=172}} The buildings and barracks of the old French Fort Carnot are now destroyed.{{sfn|Bush|Elliot|2010|p=172}} GalleryReferences{{Commons category|Bokeo Province}}1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/laos/northern-laos/bokeo-province|title=Introducing Bokeo Province|accessdate=30 November 2012|publisher=Lonely Planet/BBC Worldwide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007150938/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/laos/northern-laos/bokeo-province#|archive-date=2015-10-07|dead-url=yes|df=}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite web|url=http://www.tourismlaos.org/show_province.php?Cont_ID=436 |title= Bokeo Province: Overview |accessdate=6 December 2012|publisher=Official website of Laos Tourism Organization}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.laotourism.org/laotourism.htm|title=Home|work=Regions|accessdate=7 January 2013|publisher=Official website of Laos Tourism}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.laotourism.org/bokeo.htm|title=Bokeo Province|publisher=Lao Tourism|accessdate=1 December 2012}} 6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.fauna-flora.org/docs/Nam_Kan_scoping_mission-Feb2010.pdf|format=pdf|title=A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR|accessdate=7 December 2012|publisher=Arcus Foundation: Flora and Fauna International}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=16651|title= Important Bird Areas factsheet: Upper Lao Mekong|year=2012|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=7 December 2012}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://ecotourismlaos.com/bokeo.htm |title=Bokeo Province|work=Ecotourism Laos|author=The Lao National Tourism Administration|publisher=GMS Sustainable Tourism Development Project in Lao PDR|accessdate=1 December 2012}} 9. ^1 2 A Mr Big of wildlife trafficking: could elusive Laos casino operator be behind rackets that run to drugs, child prostitution?, SCMP, Simon Parry, 14 Apr 2018 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Hance|first1=Jeremy|title=High-end Laos resort serves up illegal wildlife for Chinese tourists|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/radical-conservation/2015/mar/19/high-end-laos-resort-serves-up-illegal-wildlife-for-chinese-tourists|accessdate=20 Mar 2015|work=The Guardian|date=2015-03-19}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Sin City Illegal Wildlife Trade in Laos’ Golden Triangle Special Economic Zone|date=March 2015|publisher=Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA)|location=London|url=http://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/EIA-Sin-City-FINAL-med-res.pdf}} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Lao People's Democratic Republic: Second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (EPub)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mkinpg545sC&pg=PT54|accessdate=6 December 2012|date=21 October 2008|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-4527-9182-1|page=54}} Bibliography
|Centre = Bokeo Province |North = |Northeast = Luang Namtha Province |East = |Southeast = Oudomxay Province |South = Sainyabuli Province |Southwest = Chiang Rai Province, {{flag|Thailand}} |West = |Northwest = {{flag|Shan State}}, {{flag|Myanmar}} }}{{Laos provinces}}{{Districts of North Laos}} 3 : Populated places on the Mekong River|Provinces of Laos|Bokeo Province |
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