| 词条 | Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House |
| 释义 |
On 16 October 1901, shortly after moving into the White House, Theodore Roosevelt invited his adviser, the African American spokesman Booker T. Washington, to dine with him and his family, and provoked an outpouring of condemnation from southern politicians and press.[1] This reaction affected subsequent White House practice, and no other African American was invited to dinner for almost thirty years.[2] BackgroundRoosevelt, while governor of New York, had frequently had black guests to dinner and sometimes invited them to sleep over.[3] In 1798 John Adams had dined in the President's House in Philadelphia with Joseph Bunel, a white representative of the Haitian government, and his black wife.[4][5] Black people, including leaders such as Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth, had been received at the White House by Presidents Lincoln, Grant, Hayes and Cleveland. At the invitation of First Lady Lucy Hayes, Marie Selika Williams became the first African-American professional musician to appear at the White House.[6] ReceptionThe following day, the White House released a statement headed, "Booker T Washington of Tuskegee, Alabama, dined with the President last evening." The response from the southern press and politicians was immediate, sustained and vicious. For example, Senator James K. Vardaman (D) of Mississippi complained that the White House was now, "so saturated with the odor of nigger that the rats had taken refuge in the stable;" the Memphis Scimitar declared it "the most damnable outrage which has ever been perpetrated by any citizen of the United States,"[7] and on 25 October the Missouri Sedalia Sentinel published on its front page a poem entitled "Niggers in the White House," which ended suggesting that either the president's daughter should marry Washington or his son one of Washington's relatives. Senator Benjamin Tillman (D) of South Carolina said "we shall have to kill a thousand niggers to get them back in their places." The Northern presses were more generous, acknowledging Washington's accomplishments and suggesting that the dinner was an attempt by Roosevelt to emphasize he was everybody's president.[8] While some in the black community responded positively – such as Bishop Henry Turner who said to Washington, "You are about to be the great representative and hero of the Negro race, notwithstanding you have been very conservative" – other black leaders were less enthusiastic. William Monroe Trotter, a radical opponent of Washington, said the dinner showed him up as "a hypocrite who supports social segregation between blacks and whites while he himself dines at the White House."[9] The White House first responded to the outcry from the south by claiming that the meal had not occurred and that the Roosevelt women had not been at dinner with a black man, while some White House personnel said it was a luncheon not an evening meal.[2] Washington made no comment at the time.[10] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |last1= Gould|first1= Louis L|authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= Theodore Roosevelt|url= |edition= |date= 28 November 2011|origyear= |publisher= Oxford University Press|location= USA|isbn= 9780199797011|oclc= |doi= |id= |page= 45|pages= |chapter= |quote=His first action in October 1901 was to invite the prominent black leader Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House. [...] When the news of the social event became public, southern newspapers erupted with denunciations of Roosevelt's breach of the color line.}} 2. ^1 {{cite book |last1= Lusane|first1= Clarence|authorlink1= Clarence Lusane |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= The Black History of the White House|url= |edition= |date= 23 January 2013|origyear= |publisher= City Lights Publishers|location= |isbn= 9780872866119|lccn= 2010036925|zbl= |doi= |id= |page=256 |pages= |chapter= |quote=Although the controversy eventually died down, its impact shaped White House politics for decades. No black person would be invited to dinner at the White House again for nearly thirty years}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1= Lusane|first1= Clarence|authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= The Black History of the White House|url= |edition= |date= 23 January 2013|origyear= |publisher= City Lights Publishers|location= |isbn= 9780872866119|lccn= |zbl= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=251 |chapter= |quote=When Roosevelt was governor of New York he had regularly had African Americans over for supper and even occasionally had invited them to spend the night.}} 4. ^{{cite book|url=|title=The Black History of the White House|last2=|first2=|date=23 January 2013|publisher=City Lights Publishers|others=|isbn=9780872866119|edition=|location=|page=|pages=253–4|chapter=|doi=|lccn=|zbl=|id=|quote=...during the latter half of the nineteenth century the White House had opened its doors to black political leaders such as Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, and others [...] Bunel, who was mulatto, and his wife, who was black, had dinner with Adams.|last1=Lusane|first1=Clarence|authorlink1=|authorlink2=|editor1-first=|editor1-last=|editor1-link=|origyear=}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=|title=The Life of Herbert Hoover: Fighting Quaker, 1928-1933|last2=|first2=|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|others=|year=2012|isbn=9780230103092|edition=|location=USA|page=306|pages=|chapter=|doi=|lccn=|zbl=|id=|quote=An examination of the record revealed that Lincoln, Hayes, Grant, Coolidge and Cleveland all had had black guests at the White House|last1=Jeansonne|first1=Glen|authorlink1=|authorlink2=|editor1-first=|editor1-last=|editor1-link=|origyear=}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqeXCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=America's First Ladies: A Historical Encyclopedia and Primary Document Collection of the Remarkable Women of the White House: A Historical Encyclopedia and Primary Document Collection of the Remarkable Women of the White House|last=Hendricks|first=Nancy|date=2015-10-13|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610698832|language=en}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1= Lusane|first1= Clarence|authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= The Black History of the White House|url= |edition= |date= 23 January 2013|origyear= |publisher= City Lights Publishers|location= |isbn= 9780872866119|lccn= |zbl= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=254 |chapter= |quote=}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1= Berlin|first1= Edward A|authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= King of Ragtime: Scott Joplin and His Era|url= |edition= |year= 1996|origyear= |publisher= Oxford University Press|location= |isbn= 0195101081 |oclc= |zbl= |doi= |id= |page= 106|pages= |chapter= |quote=The Sedalia Sentinel printed a poem on page one entitled "Niggers in the White House," which concludes with a black man marrying the President's daughter. (Note 65: SeS, Oct. 25, 1901, 1.) [...] Major newspapers in the north had a more charitable view. They recognized Washington's unique achievements and suggested that the invitation was Roosevelt's way of demonstrating he was president of all the people.}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1= Lusane|first1= Clarence|authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= The Black History of the White House|url= |edition= |date= 23 January 2013|origyear= |publisher= City Lights Publishers|location= |isbn= 9780872866119|lccn= |zbl= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=255 |chapter= |quote=William Monroe Trotter rebuked the wizard of Tuskegee and called him a hypocrite for supporting social segregation between the races and then going to sup at the White House.}} 10. ^{{cite book |last1= Verney|first1= Kevern J|authorlink1= |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title= The Art of the Possible: Booker T. Washington and Black Leadership in the United States 1881–1925|url= |edition= |date= 3 April 2013|origyear= |publisher= Taylor and Francis|location= |isbn= 9780815337232|oclc= |zbl= |doi= |id= |page= 38|pages= |chapter= |quote=I did not give out a single interview and did not discuss the matter in any way.}} Further reading
9 : 1901 in the United States|1901 in Washington, D.C.|African-American segregation in the United States|History of racial segregation in the United States|Theodore Roosevelt|Booker T. Washington|White House|October 1901 events|Dining events |
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