| 词条 | Penshaw Monument |
| 释义 |
|image = Penshaw Hill.jpg |caption = Penshaw Monument, from Herrington Country Park |name = Penshaw Monument |building_type = Memorial |owner = National Trust |alternate_names = The Earl of Durham's Monument |height = {{convert|20|m|ft||abbr=on}} |altitude = {{convert|136|m|ft||abbr=on}} |coordinates = {{coord|54.883|-1.481|display=inline}} |map_type = Tyne and Wear |location_town = Penshaw, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear |location_country = England |architect = John and Benjamin Green |client = Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry |engineer = Thomas Pratt, Sunderland |construction_start_date= 28 August 1844 |renovation_date = 1978–1979 |completion_date = |date_demolished = |cost = £6,000 |structural_system= |style = Doric tetrastyle |management = National Trust }} The Penshaw Monument ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛ|n|ʃ|ə}}), officially The Earl of Durham's Monument,[1] was built in 1844 on Penshaw Hill between the districts of Washington and Houghton-le-Spring, now within the City of Sunderland, North East England. It is dedicated to John George Lambton (1792–1840), 1st Earl of Durham and the first Governor of the Province of Canada and affectionately known as Radical Jack. Penshaw Monument was built as a memorial to John Lambton's work on the Durham report which was commissioned by Lord Melbourne in 1838 to seek direction on how best the British Empire should manage its colonies around the globe. The report recommended nearly complete self governance for advanced colonies and became one of the most important documents in the whole of the British Empire, formulating a new relationship between London and the colonies. LocationThe {{convert|136|m|adj=on}} hill on which the monument stands was presented by Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry. The monument dominates the local landscape as a half-sized replica of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens.[2] It is floodlit at night.[3] ToponymyAlthough often called "the Penshaw Monument", the correct title of the structure is The Earl of Durham's Monument.[2] The monument stands on Penshaw Hill, the name of which is derived from a mixture of Celtic and Anglo-Saxon words. Pen is a Brythonic or Cumbric word for hill, as in the name Penrith; shaw is derived from sceaga meaning "wooded area"; and finally the Old/Middle/Modern English word "hill". The name thus means "wooded-hill hill". ConstructionThe Doric tetrastyle monument is {{convert|30|m}} long, {{convert|16|m}} wide and {{convert|20|m}} high.[4] The columns are each {{convert|2|m}} in diameter. It was designed by John and Benjamin Green and built by Thomas Pratt of Sunderland,[5] based on the Doric order. Resting on the columns is the entablature which itself can be split into three main parts. The architrave is the main spanning beam across the tops of the pillars. Above the architrave is the frieze, the central patterned section. Then the cornice is the upper part which projects outwards. Finally, the pediments are the triangular facings at each end of the Monument. One of the pillars contains a spiral staircase to a walkway around the top of the monument. The Monument is made of gritstone from the Marquess of Londonderry's quarries on the east coast.[6] Steel pins and brackets were used to hold the stone blocks in place. History{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2017}}The foundation stone was laid by Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland (the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England) on 28 August 1844, four years after the death of John Lambton.[7]. On 5 April 1926 a 15-year-old boy from Fatfield, Temperley Arthur Scott, fell to his death from the top of the Penshaw Monument. The boy was with three friends and 20 other people when the accident happened. They had reached the roof via the spiral staircase in one of the pillars. Afterwards the spiral staircase to the roof was closed and remained so until 2011, when the public were again granted access to the spiral staircase and views from the top of the monument. In September 1939 John Lambton, 5th Earl of Durham gave the Penshaw Monument to the National Trust. Owing to settlement as a result of mining beneath the hill, the Penshaw Monument was underpinned in 1978[8]. The next year the entire western end was dismantled block by block in order that damaged lintels could be replaced by new reinforced concrete ones. In 1983, local punk rock band Toy Dolls filmed the music video for their single "Dig That Groove Baby", taken from the album of the same name, inside the monument. The Penshaw Monument features on the club badge of Sunderland A.F.C. PlacardIt was acquired by the National Trust as a gift from the 5th Earl of Durham in 1939.[2] A placard was placed on the front of the monument to recognise this. The placard reads:
External links
References1. ^Penshaw Monument | National Trust {{City of sunderland}}{{Listed buildings in the City of Sunderland}}{{coord|54.8831|N|1.48087|W|scale:10000_type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}2. ^1 2 ‘Disgraceful’ vandalism attack on Penshaw Monument - Sunderland Echo 3. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-26503791 Penshaw Monument: New floodlights for Wearside landmark - BBC News] 4. ^https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/penshaw-monument-supposed-roof-look-12223280 5. ^https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/penshaw-monument-supposed-roof-look-12223280 6. ^https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/penshaw-monument-supposed-roof-look-12223280 7. ^{{cite news |last= Stoner|first= Sarah|date= |title= 170 years of Penshaw Monument |url=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/lifestyle/retro/feature-170-years-of-penshaw-monument-1-6399823 |work=Sunderland Echo|access-date=10 November 2018}} 8. ^{{cite news |last= Stoner|first= Sarah|date= |title= 170 years of Penshaw Monument |url=https://www.sunderlandecho.com/lifestyle/retro/feature-170-years-of-penshaw-monument-1-6399823 |work=Sunderland Echo|access-date=10 November 2018}} 6 : Monuments and memorials in Tyne and Wear|Tourist attractions in the City of Sunderland|Grade I listed buildings in Tyne and Wear|Buildings and structures in the City of Sunderland|Buildings and structures completed in 1844|Folly buildings in England |
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