| 词条 | Penza |
| 释义 |
| en_name = Penza | ru_name = Пенза | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Penza_2013.png | image_caption = Top to bottom, left to right: Historical city centre on Sura, Penza Oblast Theater of Drama, Suspension bridge over Sura River, Monument of Military and Labour Glory, Memorial complex of Glory, Kind Angel of Peace and State Emblem of the USSR monuments on Pushkin st. | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|53|12|N|45|00|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Penza.png | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Penza (Penza oblast) (2001).png | anthem = none | anthem_ref = [1] | holiday = | holiday_ref = | federal_subject = Penza Oblast | federal_subject_ref = [2] | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = city of oblast significance of Penza | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [2] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Penza Oblast | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [2] | adm_ctr_of2 = city of oblast significance of Penza | adm_ctr_of2_ref = [2] | adm_ctr_of3 = | adm_ctr_of3_ref = | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [2] | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Penza Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [7] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Penza Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [7] | mun_admctr_of2 = | mun_admctr_of2_ref = | leader_title = Head | leader_title_ref = [2] | leader_name = Viktor Kuvaytsev | leader_name_ref = [3] | representative_body = City Duma | representative_body_ref = [2] | elevation_m = | area_km2 = | area_km2_ref = | pop_2010census = 517311 | pop_2010census_rank = 34th | pop_2010census_ref = [4] | pop_latest = 522823 | pop_latest_date = January 2015 | pop_latest_ref = [5] | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = | established_date = 1663 | established_title = | established_date_ref = [14] | current_cat_date = | current_cat_date_ref = | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 440000, 440001, 440003–440005, 440007–440009, 440011–440015, 440018, 440020, 440022, 440023, 440025, 440026, 440028, 440031–440035, 440039, 440040, 440042, 440044–440047, 440049, 440052, 440054, 440056, 440058, 440060–440062, 440064, 440066–440068, 440071, 440072, 440700, 440890, 440899, 440960, 440961, 440999 | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 8412 | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.penza-gorod.ru }} Penza ({{lang-rus|Пенза|p=ˈpʲɛnzə}}) is a city and the administrative center of Penza Oblast, Russia, located on the Sura River, {{convert|625|km|sp=us}} southeast of Moscow. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=517,311|p2002=518,025|p1989=542,612}} HistoryPenza was founded as a Russian frontier fortress-city,[6] and to this day, remnants of the Lomovskaya sentry line built in 1640 have been preserved at the western edge of the city, and remains of earth ramparts dating from the mid-16th century are preserved in the city center. Until 1663, Penza was a wooden stockade with only a small settlement. In May 1663, the architect Yuri Kontransky arrived in Penza on the Tsar's orders to direct the construction of a fortress city,{{citation needed|date=May 2010}} as part of a wider fortress building program to protect Russia from attacks by Crimean Tatars. The initial construction consisted of a wooden Kremlin, a village, and quarters for the nobility, small tradesmen, and merchants. The Muscovite government placed the Ukrainian Cossacks here, who constructed a fortress and called it "Cherkassy Ostroh", from which the regional city of Penza has developed, thanks to the arrival of new settlers, particularly Russians. The Ukrainian roots of the city and its first settlers are now remembered in the names of Cherkasskaya street, along with the "Cherkassy" historical district.[7] In 1774, the insurgent army led by Yemelyan Pugachev occupied Penza after the citizens of the city welcomed the rebellious Cossacks. The first stone houses started to appear after 1801, and by 1809 Penza's population had grown to more than 13,000 people. In 1918, Vladimir Lenin sent a telegram to communists in the Penza area, complaining about the "insurrection of five kulak districts". He urged the public hanging of 100 "landlords, richmen, bloodsuckers", grain seizure, and hostage taking. This telegram has been used in several historical works on the period and on Lenin.[8][9][10][11][12] During the Russian Civil War, the Czechoslovak Legions launched an anti-Bolshevik uprising in Penza. During the Soviet period, the city developed as a regional industrial center. The Ural mainframe was made here between 1959 and 1964. Administrative and municipal statusPenza is the administrative center of the oblast.[13] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Penza—an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the districts.[13] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Penza is incorporated as Penza Urban Okrug.[14] TransportationPenza is a major railway junction and lies on the M5 highway linking Moscow and Chelyabinsk. Penza Airport serves domestic flights. Local public transport includes buses, trolleybuses and marshrutkas (routed taxis). Education and cultureCurrently, the city of Penza is seen as a regional center for higher education. It has six universities (the Penza State University, the Pedagogic University, the Academy of Agriculture, the Technology Institute, the University of Architecture and Construction, and the Artillery and Engineering Institute), 13 colleges and 77 public schools. Besides this, Penza is home to three theatres, four museums, and three art galleries including The Museum of One Painting named after G. V. Myasnikov. Facilities of higher education include:
ClimatePenza has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold winters and warm summers. A heat wave in the months of June, July, and August 2010, raised temperatures from previous norms often by {{convert|15|C-change}} in Penza. Some of the higher fluctuations in temperatures were recorded with seven straight days of temperatures {{convert|+40|C}} and higher compared to the previous year where the higher temperatures for the same period were, on average, {{convert|20|C-change}} lower.[15][16] {{Weather box|location=Penza (1981–2010) |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=7.0 |Feb record high C=8.5 |Mar record high C=17.3 |Apr record high C=31.1 |May record high C=35.6 |Jun record high C=37.7 |Jul record high C=39.3 |Aug record high C=40.4 |Sep record high C=33.6 |Oct record high C=25.6 |Nov record high C=16.1 |Dec record high C=11.0 |year record high C=40.4 |Jan high C=-5.5 |Feb high C=-5.1 |Mar high C=1.0 |Apr high C=12.4 |May high C=20.8 |Jun high C = 24.8 |Jul high C = 26.6 |Aug high C = 24.7 |Sep high C = 18.2 |Oct high C = 9.9 |Nov high C = 0.6 |Dec high C = -4.4 |year high C = 10.3 |Jan mean C = -8.7 |Feb mean C = -9.1 |Mar mean C = -3.4 |Apr mean C = 6.8 |May mean C = 14.3 |Jun mean C = 18.5 |Jul mean C = 20.4 |Aug mean C = 18.3 |Sep mean C = 12.5 |Oct mean C = 5.6 |Nov mean C = -2.1 |Dec mean C = -7.4 |year mean C = 5.5 |Jan low C = -11.9 |Feb low C = -12.5 |Mar low C = -7.2 |Apr low C = 1.9 |May low C = 8.1 |Jun low C = 12.7 |Jul low C = 14.7 |Aug low C = 12.8 |Sep low C = 7.7 |Oct low C = 2.2 |Nov low C = -4.6 |Dec low C = -10.3 |year low C = 1.1 |Jan record low C = -39.9 |Feb record low C = -40.0 |Mar record low C = -31.1 |Apr record low C = -20.0 |May record low C = -5.6 |Jun record low C = -1.1 |Jul record low C = 4.7 |Aug record low C = 0.0 |Sep record low C = -6.4 |Oct record low C = -17.2 |Nov record low C = -31.1 |Dec record low C = -40.5 |year record low C = -40.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 38 |Feb precipitation mm = 31 |Mar precipitation mm = 35 |Apr precipitation mm = 33 |May precipitation mm = 42 |Jun precipitation mm = 65 |Jul precipitation mm = 59 |Aug precipitation mm = 51 |Sep precipitation mm = 52 |Oct precipitation mm = 47 |Nov precipitation mm = 48 |Dec precipitation mm = 41 |year precipitation mm = 542 |Jan humidity = 84 |Feb humidity = 82 |Mar humidity = 79 |Apr humidity = 68 |May humidity = 61 |Jun humidity = 67 |Jul humidity = 69 |Aug humidity = 70 |Sep humidity = 73 |Oct humidity = 79 |Nov humidity = 86 |Dec humidity = 85 |year humidity = 75 |Jan rain days = 6 |Feb rain days = 5 |Mar rain days = 7 |Apr rain days = 13 |May rain days = 16 |Jun rain days = 19 |Jul rain days = 18 |Aug rain days = 16 |Sep rain days = 17 |Oct rain days = 17 |Nov rain days = 12 |Dec rain days = 8 |year rain days = 154 |Jan snow days = 26 |Feb snow days = 22 |Mar snow days = 16 |Apr snow days = 5 |May snow days = 1 |Jun snow days = 0.1 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0.3 |Oct snow days = 5 |Nov snow days = 17 |Dec snow days = 25 |year snow days = 117 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[17] |date=August 2010 }} SportsPenza first hosted the Russian Sidecarcross Grand Prix in 2009, and did so again in 2010, on August 15.[18] Dizel Penza is Penza's professional hockey team, playing in the VHL. Dizelist Penza is a junior club playing in the NMHL. The city football team FC Zenit Penza was established in 1918 but now plays in the Russian Amateur League. Penza has also a professional rugby union club, Imperia-Dynamo Penza, from Russia's Professional Rugby League. HonorsA minor planet, 3189 Penza, discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh in 1978, is named after the city.[19] People{{Main|List of people from Penza}}{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
}} Twin towns and sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Penza is twinned with:
See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^Article 2 of the Charter of Penza states that the city may have an anthem, providing one is adopted by the City Duma. {{As of|2015}}, no anthem has been adopted. 2. ^1 Charter of Penza, Article 18 3. ^Official website of Penza. Biography of Viktor Nikolayevich Kuvaytsev, Head of Penza {{ru icon}} 4. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 5. ^Penza Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Численность постоянного населения Пензенской области на 1.01.2015 {{ru icon}} 6. ^1 Большая Советская Энциклопедия (Great Soviet Encyclopedia). Гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров, 3-е изд. Т. 19. Отоми — Пластырь. 1975. 648 стр., илл.; 29 л. илл. и карт. "Город основан в 1663 году как крепость на юго-восточной окраине Русского царства." 7. ^ Ukrainians in USSR beyond the borders of Ukrainian SSR: p. 79 (1974) Winnipeg: Marunchak M. / Михайло Марунчак; Українська Вільна Академія Наук. – Вінніпеґ: Накладом УВАН в Канаді, 1974. – 248 c. : іл. 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/ad2kulak.html |title=Hanging order |publisher=Loc.gov |date=2010-07-22 |accessdate=2014-05-18}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1918/aug/09c.htm |title=Lenin Collected Works, Progress Publishers, 1971, Moscow, Volume 36, page 489. "Telegram to Yevgenia Bosch" |publisher=Marxists.org |date=2006-08-04 |accessdate=2014-05-18}} 10. ^[https://archive.today/20070213155724/http://www.wsws.org/correspo/1998/mar1998/leni-m06.shtml "An exchange of letters on the BBC documentary Lenin's Secret Files"] 11. ^Telegram to the Penza Gubernia Executive Committee of the Soviets in J. Brooks and G. Chernyavskiy's, p.77, Lenin and the Making of the Soviet State: A Brief History with Documents (2007). Bedford/St Martin's: Boston and New York: p.77 12. ^Translation of 'hanging order' by Robert Service, p. 365, Lenin a Biography (2000). London: Macmillan 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Law #774-ZPO 14. ^1 2 Law #690-ZPO 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27962&month=8&year=2010 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Пензе |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |date= |accessdate=2014-05-18}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27962&month=8&year=2009 |title=Погода и Климат - Климатический монитор: погода в Пензе |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |date= |accessdate=2014-05-18}} 17. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27962.htm| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Penza| language = Russian| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| accessdate = 4 April 2016}} 18. ^FIM Sidecarcross World Championship – 2010 Calendar {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812011944/http://www.fim-live.com/en/sport/sidecarcross/events/ |date=August 12, 2011 }} FIM website, accessed: October 30, 2009 19. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&q=3186+manuilova |title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – p.264 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=May 18, 2014}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.penza-gorod.ru/doc-1.html |title=Official site of Penza |publisher=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=May 18, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715170525/http://www.penza-gorod.ru/doc-1.html |archivedate=July 15, 2009 }} 21. ^Penza City (Russia, sister city of Lanzhou Municipality) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623212410/http://www.gansu.gov.cn/en/International_Detail.asp?id=105 |date=June 23, 2007 }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ramat-gan.info/NR/exeres/CF555085-48DF-47E2-A226-CF66546C9208,frameless.htm|title=Ramat Gan sister cities|publisher=Ramat-gan.info|date=July 19, 2007|accessdate=May 18, 2014}} Sources
External links
4 : Penza|Penza Governorate|Populated places established in 1663|1663 establishments in Russia |
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