词条 | Boundaries of the mind |
释义 |
Thin and thick boundariesDr. Ernest Hartmann observed that people who suffer frequent nightmares had distinctive personality characteristics he described as "unguarded", "undefended", "vulnerable", "artistic", and "open". People with these characteristics seem unable to screen out frightening images and feelings originating in their dreams. They also lack barriers between their own identity and those of others, or between their own beliefs and unconventional ideas.[2] Hartmann proposed that such people have "thin" boundaries between their mental processes and argued that thinness or thickness of boundaries was "a broad dimension of personality and an aspect of the overall organization of the mind." He considered the concept to be similar to William James' concept of "tender-mindedness" and to Blatt and Ritzler's "permeable ego boundaries". The construct is measured with the Boundary Questionnaire which assesses thinness of boundaries in relation to a variety of areas, including boundaries between sleeping and waking, thoughts and feelings, and persons, places, and values.[2] People with thick boundaries tend to see the world in "black-and-white" terms, whereas those with thin boundaries tend to be more aware of "shades of gray". Women tend to have thinner boundaries than men, and boundaries tend to become thicker with age.[1] MeasurementThe Boundary Questionnaire consists of 145 five-point scales covering the following 12 areas: {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} Additionally, a total score (SumBound) reflecting boundary thinness was derived by summing the ratings of 138 items. Relationship to other personality traitsThe Boundary Questionnaire has been related to the Five Factor Model of personality, and "thin boundaries" are mostly associated with openness to experience, particularly the facets of openness to fantasy, aesthetics, and feelings, although some of the content was correlated with neuroticism, extraversion, and low conscientiousness.[2] Scores on the questionnaire are also positively correlated with absorption,[2] transliminality, hypnotisability, and suggestibility.[5] Thin boundaries are also associated with the Feeling and Intuition scales of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.[1] PsychopathologyPersons diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder or with borderline personality disorder tend to have thinner boundaries than the rest of the population, whereas people with obsessive-compulsive disorder tend to have thicker boundaries. On the MMPI thin boundaries are associated with high scores on the paranoia scale, and in males with high femininity and low defensiveness. Thin boundaries in males are therefore associated with willingness to accept "feminine" aspects of the self, whereas men with thick boundaries recognize that "men are men, women are women".[1] DreamingOne study has found that people with thin boundaries have more frequent dream recall, have more nightmares, and may also have longer, more intense dreams, with more bizarre content. Additionally, people with thin boundaries tend to value their dreams more, especially their meaningfulness and creative aspects. People with thin boundaries are more likely to report having had childhood nightmares, suggesting that boundary thinness may be relatively stable across the lifespan.[6]{{primary source inline|date=December 2018}} New age beliefsAdherence to new age beliefs and practices, such as yoga, reiki, divination, and astrology, is positively correlated with thin boundaries as well as with measures of schizotypy and magical thinking.[5]{{primary source inline|date=December 2018}} New age beliefs and thin boundaries may be related through such shared factors as a sense of "connectedness", holism and emotional sensitivity, as well as a thinking style defined by looseness of association. See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|doi=10.1023/B:DREM.0000005913.21794.1f|title=Personality and Dreaming: Boundary Structure and Dream Content|year=1998|last1=Hartmann|first1=Ernest|last2=Rosen|first2=Rachel|last3=Rand|first3=William|journal=Dreaming|volume=8|pages=31}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/per.2410080404|title=Openness to Experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V|year=1994|last1=McCrae|first1=Robert R.|journal=European Journal of Personality|volume=8|issue=4|pages=251}} 3. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130053008|title=Who Has Nightmares? The Personality of the Lifelong Nightmare Sufferer|year=1987|last1=Hartmann|first1=E.|last2=Russ|first2=D.|last3=Oldfield|first3=M.|last4=Sivan|first4=I.|last5=Cooper|first5=S.|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=44|pages=49–56|pmid=3800584|issue=1}} 4. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.003|title=Lucid dreaming frequency and personality|year=2004|last1=Schredl|first1=Michael|last2=Erlacher|first2=Daniel|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=37|issue=7|pages=1463}} 5. ^1 {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2005.04.003|title=Personality and cognitive predictors of New Age practices and beliefs|year=2005|last1=Farias|first1=Miguel|last2=Claridge|first2=Gordon|last3=Lalljee|first3=Mansur|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=39|issue=5|pages=979}} 6. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1023/a:1021336103535|year=1999|last1=Schredl|first1=Michael|last2=Schäfer|first2=Gerard|last3=Hofmann|first3=Friedrich|last4=Jacob|first4=Sarah|journal=Dreaming|volume=9|issue=4|pages=257|title=Dream content and personality: Thick vs. Thin boundaries}} External links
1 : Personality traits |
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