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词条 Brachycnemina
释义

  1. Characteristics

  2. Subdivisions

  3. References

  4. Further reading

  5. External links

{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Zoanthus sp actínica.jpg
| image_caption = Zoanthus colony
| taxon = Brachycnemina
| authority = Haddon & Shackleton, 1891
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = * Neozoanthidae Herberts, 1972
  • Sphenopidae Hertwig, 1882
  • Zoanthidae Rafinesque, 1815

}}Brachycnemina is a suborder of zoanthids in the order Zoantharia.[1] Genetic analysis has been used to suggest Brachycnemina is a monophyletic group diverging within the paraphyletic Macrocnemina.[1]

Characteristics

Brachycnemia species habitate most environments, ranging from shallow tropical reefs to cold seeps in the deep sea. It forms large colonies on intertidal and shallow reef crests.[3] Due to the members of this suborder being loosely collected, there are no standard characteristics uniting them besides slight morphological, ecological and phylogenetic differences.[2]

Subdivisions

This suborder counts with 3 taxonomic families, mainly Neozoanthidae, which is monogeneric and monospecific, known only from Madagascar; Sphenopidae, which includes sand-encrusted and colonial specimens like the commonly found Palythoa and Sphenopus, itself found in a few discrete areas; and Zoanthidae, whose belonging species do not show sand encrustation.[3] A total of 6 known genera and over 163 species are comprised within the Brachycnemina.[3] Palythoa and Zoanthus are two of the most common coral genera and are intensively studied for their bioactive compounds.[4]

References

1. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Sinniger|first1=F.|last2=Montoya-Burgos|first2=J. I.|last3=Chevaldonné|first3=P.|last4=Pawlowski|first4=J.|title=Phylogeny of the order Zoantharia (Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) based on the mitochondrial ribosomal genes|journal=Marine Biology|volume=147|issue=5|year=2005|pages=1121–1128|issn=0025-3162|doi=10.1007/s00227-005-0016-3}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=REIMER|first1=James Davis|title=Key to field identification of shallow water brachycnemic zoanthids (Order Zoantharia: Suborder Brachycnemina) present in Okinawa|journal=Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies|volume=12|issue=1|year=2010|pages=23–29|issn=1883-3969|doi=10.3755/galaxea.12.23}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Brachycnemina Haddon & Shackleton, 1891|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/109752249|website=GBIF.org|publisher=GBIF.org|accessdate=21 May 2015}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last1 = Pandya Khushali | first1 = M. |display-authors=et al | year = 2014 | title = Occurrence of Zoanthid genus Isaurus from Saurashtra coast, Gujarat, India | url = | journal = European Journal of Zoological Research | volume = 3 | issue = 2| pages = 1–5 }}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|author1=M.B. Jones|author2=J.M.N. Azevedo|author3=A.I. Neto |author4=Ana Cristina Costa |author5=A.M. Frias Martins |title=Island, Ocean and Deep-Sea Biology: Proceedings of the 34th European Marine Biology Symposium, held in Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal, 13–17 September 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdH3CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA192|date=11 November 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-1982-7|pages=192–}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Montenegro|first1=Javier|last2=Sinniger|first2=Frederic|last3=Reimer|first3=James Davis|title=Unexpected diversity and new species in the sponge-Parazoanthidae association in southern Japan|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=89|year=2015|pages=73–90|issn=1055-7903|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.002|pmid=25863336}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Ryland|first1=J. S.|last2=Lancaster|first2=J. E.|title=A review of zoanthid nematocyst types and their population structure|journal=Hydrobiologia|volume=530–531|issue=1–3|year=2004|pages=179–187|issn=0018-8158|doi=10.1007/s10750-004-2685-1}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Ryland|first1=John S.|last2=Lancaster|first2=John E.|title=Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia : Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific|journal=Invertebrate Systematics|volume=17|issue=3|year=2003|pages=407|issn=1445-5226|doi=10.1071/IS02008}}
  • {{cite journal|last1=Ryland|first1=John S.|last2=Brasseur|first2=Muriel M.|last3=Lancaster|first3=John E.|title=Use of cnidae in taxonomy: implications from a study ofAcrozoanthus australiae(Hexacorallia, Zoanthidea)|journal=Journal of Natural History|volume=38|issue=10|year=2004|pages=1193–1223|issn=0022-2933|doi=10.1080/0022293031000155179}}

External links

  • {{EOL|43560914|Brachycnemina}}
  • WORMS entry
{{Commons category|Zoantharia}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q20020299}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Brachycnemina}}

2 : Zoantharia|Cnidarian suborders
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