“Perfusionist”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

A perfusionist, also known as a perfusiologist or clinical perfusion scientist, is a healthcare professional who uses the cardiopulmonary bypass machine (heart–lung machine) during cardiac surgery and other surgeries that require cardiopulmonary bypass to manage the patient's physiological status.

Perfusionists form part of the wider cardiothoracic surgical team which includes cardiac surgeons and anesthesiologists. The perfusionist shares responsibility with the cardiac surgeon and anesthesiologist for the management of the physiological and metabolic needs of the cardiac surgical patient, so that the surgeon may operate on a still,or unbeating heart during certain procedures. The cardiac surgeon is in overall command of the operation. This is accomplished through the utilization of the heart–lung machine, as well as its associated components of an oxygenator, filters, reservoirs and tubing. The perfusionist is responsible for selecting patient-specific equipment that will support or provide additional supplementation for the patients cardiopulmonary and circulatory system, which includes consistently monitoring the patients physiological conditions, analyzing blood chemistry and providing corrections during bypass to keep the patient in homeostasis.^[1] This allows the cardiac surgeon to focus on the actual surgical procedure and less on the immediate needs of the patient. Other responsibilities include autologous blood collection and processing, implementation and management of the intra-aortic balloon pump, and management of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, as well as monitoring of anticoagulation, electrolyte, acid-base balance and blood-gas composition. In many tertiary hospitals, perfusionists are also key personnel in placing and managing patients on ventricular assist devices as a bridge to recovery or heart transplantation and supporting patients receiving lung or liver transplants. In some hospitals, perfusionists can be involved in procurement of cardiothoracic donor organs for transplantation.

Training and certification

United States

In the United States, a four year bachelor's degree is a prerequisite for admission into an accredited perfusion program, typically with a concentrations in biology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology, but ultimately depends on the criteria demands of the specific perfusion program.^[2]. As of 2019, there are 17 accredited perfusion training programs in the United States; 9 of which are masters degrees, 6 are certificate programs, and 2 baccalaureate degrees in cardiovascular or perfusion sciences^[3]. Training typically consists of two years of academic and clinical education. Although the structure and training philosophies of perfusion programs differ, typically a perfusion student will begin his or her training in a didactic fashion in which the student will closely follow instructions from a certified clinical perfusionist in the confines of a cardiac surgery procedure. Academic coursework may be concurrent or precede this clinical instruction and is equally vital for their training. Early in their clinical training, the perfusion student may have little involvement outside of an observational role. However, as time progresses, more tasks may be incrementally delegated to them with the ultimate goal of producing a capable and competent perfusionist. Once a student graduates from a perfusion program, he or she must begin the certification process. In the interim, the perfusion graduate is typically referred to as board-eligible, which is sufficient for employment in cardiac surgery with the understanding that achieving certified status is required for long-term employment. Most employers have stipulations on the duration of board-eligible status.

A two-part exam is required to become certified and use the designation C.C.P. In the United States, this exam is administered and evaluated by the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion. Similar governing bodies exist in other countries with comparable examination processes. The first portion of the two-part process is the Perfusion Basic Science Exam, and the latter portion is the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam. In order to qualify for this examination process, a perfusion student must have either graduated from or be enrolled in an accredited perfusion program, as well as have participated in a minimum of 75 clinical procedures during the course of their training.^[4] A perfusion student may qualify for the Perfusion Basic Science Exam before they actually matriculate from their respective training program. Once employment is provided, and the perfusionist has participated independently in a minimum of 50 clinical procedures, he or she can qualify for the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam.^[4] Once the Clinical Applications in Perfusion Exam has been successfully passed, a perfusionist can use the designation C.C.P. In addition, there are recertification requirements for perfusionists in which proof of a minimum number of clinical procedures and attendance to scientific or educational meetings must be provided to a certifying body (i.e. American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion). These recertification requirements and subsequent verification process occur every three years and are mandatory to maintain certified status to use the designation certified clinical perfusionist.

As of February 2010, there were 3,766 certified perfusionists in the United States and 6583 in Canada.^[5]

Canada

In Canada, there are three training programs: Burnaby in Western Canada, Toronto and Montreal in Eastern Canada. British Columbia Institute of Technology in Burnaby offers an advanced specialty certificate in cardiovascular perfusion to graduates of its two-year program. Applicants must be certified respiratory therapists, critical care nurses, or cardiac professionals with two years or more of current experience in cardiac critical care. Applicants to the Michener Institute program in Toronto must have a bachelor's degree. The training program is 16 months to two years. The perfusion program of the Université de Montréal is a three-year bachelor's degree of 90 credits in biomedical science of which 27 credits are specific to clinical perfusion and in addition a diplôme d’études supérieurs spécialisées (DESS) of 30 credits in clinical perfusion of one-year at the master level.

United Kingdom and Ireland

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, a bachelor's degree in a science subject (usually life or clinical sciences) is a pre-requisite to enrolment on the two-year perfusion training course. Employment as a trainee perfusionist is also required. Trainees must complete a two-year MSc program at the University of Bristol. They complete academic assessments (essays and exams), while in the workplace moving from a purely observational role to one in which they are capable of managing the patient while they are on cardiopulmonary system with minimal supervision. Once a trainee has been the primary perfusionist in 150 clinical procedures, they must undertake a practical exam. For this exam, the candidate is observed by two external examiners whilst building and priming a cardiopulmonary circuit, then using it during a surgical operation. After the practical exam, trainees must complete a 40-minute viva voce exam, which tests their academic knowledge. After this is successfully completed, they are awarded an MSc in Clinical Perfusion Science and the status of accredited clinical perfusion scientist. They must maintain this by performing a minimum of 40 clinical procedures per year.

Australia and New Zealand

In Australia and New Zealand, a perfusionist must have at least a science degree (usually in health sciences) as an entry requirement before training. Further didactic training is in a practical format at a hospital whilst doing a three-year course via correspondence with the Australian and New Zealand College of Perfusionists (ANZCP). The final examination for a clinical perfusionist is administered by the ANZCP over two days. This involves a three hours of written assessment, two hours of multiple choice questions, and four half-hour oral exam.

India

In India, there are different education programs for the education of Clinical Perfusionists. A three Year Bachelor's degree program. Additionally, there is a two years post graduate diploma that is available to practice as a Clinical Perfusionist. A three and half year bachelor's degree program is also available, which includes six months internship. A two years post graduate diploma in some institutions (i. e. AIIMS Delhi, SMSMC Jaipur) Recently the Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion of India introduced certification.{{Clarify|reason=Extremely incoherent|date=March 2019}}

Other countries

In China, Egypt, and some South American countries a clinical perfusionist is a medical doctor who has completed subspecialty training.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

In Argentina, a perfusionist is a medical doctor, usually a cardiologist, who has undertaken additional sub-specialty training. They are often referred to as hemodinamistas (hemodynamics specialists).

Clinical procedures

Perfusionists can be involved in a number of cardiac surgical procedures, select vascular procedures and a few other surgical procedures in an ancillary role. In the realm of cardiac surgery, perfusionists perform cardiopulmonary bypass in adult and pediatric surgical procedures, which constitute the majority of procedures that perfusionists perform.

Perfusionists may participate in curative or staged palliative procedures to treat the following pediatric pathologies:

Select ancillary procedures in which perfusion techniques and/or perfusionists may be involved include isolated limb perfusion, intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemoperfusion and tracheal resection/repair.