| 词条 | Periosteum | |
| 释义 |
| Name = Periosteum | Latin = Periosteum | Image = 607 Periosteum and Endosteum.jpg | Caption = The periosteum covers the outside of bones. | Image2 = Meninges-en.svg | Caption2 = Meninges of the CNS | System = | Location = Outer surface of all bones }} The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones,[1] except at the joints of long bones.{{refn|group=nb|At the joints of long bones the bone's outer surface is lined with "articular cartilage", a type of hyaline cartilage.}} Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones.[2] StructureThe periosteum consists of dense irregular connective tissue. It is divided into an outer "fibrous layer" and inner "cambium layer" (or "osteogenic layer"). The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, while the cambium layer contains progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts. These osteoblasts are responsible for increasing the width of a long bone{{refn|group=nb|The length of a long bone is controlled by the epiphyseal plate.}} and the overall size of the other bone types. After a bone fracture the progenitor cells develop into osteoblasts and chondroblasts, which are essential to the healing process. As opposed to osseous tissue, the periosteum has nociceptive nerve endings, making it very sensitive to manipulation. It also provides nourishment by providing the blood supply to the body from the marrow.[3] The periosteum is attached to the bone by strong collagenous fibers called Sharpey's fibres, which extend to the outer circumferential and interstitial lamellae. It also provides an attachment for muscles and tendons. The periosteum that covers the outer surface of the bones of the skull is known as the "pericranium", except when in reference to the layers of the scalp. HistoryThe word periosteum is derived from the Greek Peri-, meaning "surrounding", and -osteon, meaning "bone". The Peri refers to the fact that the Periosteum is the outermost layer of long bones, surrounding other inner layers.[4] Additional imagesSee also
Notes1. ^{{cite book | title=Musculoskeletal system: anatomy, physiology, and metabolic disorders | publisher=Ciba-Geigy Corporation | year=1990 | location=Summit, New Jersey | pages=170 | isbn=0-914168-88-6 | last1=Netter | first1=Frank H. | last2=Dingle | first2=Regina V. | last3=Mankin | first3=Henry J.}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Definition of ENDOSTEUM|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/endosteum|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Modric|first1=Jan|title=Periosteum|url=http://www.ehealthstar.com/anatomy/periosteum|website=eHealthStar|accessdate=10 July 2014}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=peri- | title=peri- | publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary | accessdate=7 July 2013}} References{{Reflist}}Further reading
External links
1 : Skeletal system |
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