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词条 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
释义

  1. Nominations and awards money

  2. Difference between Breakthrough Prize and Special Breakthrough Prize

  3. New Horizons in Physics Prize

  4. FPP Laureates

  5. Trophy

  6. Ceremony

  7. Criticism

  8. See also

  9. References

  10. External links

{{Infobox award
|name= Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
|description= Transformative advances in fundamental physics
|presenter= Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation
|country= International
|year= 2012
|website= [https://breakthroughprize.org Official Website]
}}

The Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics[1] is awarded by the Fundamental Physics Prize Foundation, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to awarding physicists involved in fundamental research. The foundation was founded in July 2012 by Russian physicist and internet entrepreneur Yuri Milner.[2]

{{As of|2018|09}}, this prize is the most lucrative academic prize in the world[3] and is more than twice the amount given to the Nobel Prize awardees.[4][5] This prize is also dubbed by the media as the "XXI Century Nobel".[6]

Nominations and awards money

{{As of|2018|09}}, anyone can nominate a candidate through the FPP website.[2] {{As of|2018|09}}, each award is worth $3 million. The monetary value exceeds that of the prestigious Nobel Prize, which in 2012 stood at slightly more than $1.2 million.[4][6]

Physics Frontiers Prize laureates (those on the shortlist for the Fundamental Physics Prize) who do not go on to be awarded the Fundamental Physics Prize each receive (as of 2013) $300,000 and are automatically re-nominated for the Fundamental Physics Prize each year for the next 5 years.[2]

{{anchor|Difference between Breakthrough Prize and Special Breakthrough Prize}}

Difference between Breakthrough Prize and Special Breakthrough Prize

"Unlike the annual Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics, the Special Prize is not limited to recent discoveries." As of 2018 the Special Prize, which "can be awarded at any time in recognition of an extraordinary scientific achievement", has been awarded on 4 occasions (twice in 2013, and once in 2016 and 2018). The monetary value of the award is also $3 million.[7]

New Horizons in Physics Prize

{{cleanup|section|reason=convert text to table|date=September 2018}}

The New Horizons in Physics Prize, awarded to promising junior researchers, carries an award of $100,000.[8]

The winners of 2015 New Horizons in Physics Prize are Sean Hartnoll of Stanford University, for applying holographic methods to obtain remarkable new insights into strongly interacting quantum matter; Philip C. Schuster and Natalia Toro of Perimeter Institute, for pioneering the “simplified models” framework for new physics searches at the Large Hadron Collider, as well as spearheading new experimental searches for dark sectors using high-intensity electron beams; Horacio Casini and Marina Huerta of CONICET and Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Shinsei Ryu of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Tadashi Takayanagi of Kyoto University for fundamental ideas about entropy in quantum field theory and quantum gravity.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

The winners of 2016 New Horizons in Physics Prize are B. Andrei Bernevig, Liang Fu, Xiao-Liang Qi; Raphael Flauger, Leonardo Senatore; and Yuji Tachikawa.

The winners of 2017 New Horizons in Physics Prize are Asimina Arvanitaki, Peter W. Graham, and Surjeet Rajendran; Simone Giombi and Xi Yin; and Frans Pretorius.

The winners of 2018 New Horizons in Physics Prize are Christopher Hirata, Douglas Stanford, and Andrea Young.

The winners of 2019 New Horizons in Physics Prize are Brian Metzger; Rana Adhikari, Lisa Barsotti and Matthew Evans; and Daniel Harlow, Daniel L. Jafferis and Aron Wall.

Year of award New Horizons in Physics
Prize laureates		 Awarded for Alma mater Institutional affiliation when prize awarded
2013 Niklas BeisertDevelopment of powerful exact methods to describe a quantum gauge theory and its associated string theory ETH Zurich
Davide GaiottoFar-reaching new insights about duality, gauge theory, and geometry, and specially for his work linking theories in different dimensions in most unexpected waysPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Zohar Komargodski[9]Dynamics of four-dimensional field theories and in particular his proof (with Schwimmer) of the “a-theorem” which has solved a long-standing problemWeizmann Institute of Science
2014 Freddy Cachazo Uncovering numerous structures underlying scattering amplitudes in gauge theories and gravity Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Shiraz MinwallaPioneering contributions to the study of string theory and quantum field theory; and in particular his work on the connection between the equations of fluid dynamics and Albert Einstein’s equations of general relativityTata Institute of Fundamental Research
Slava RychkovDeveloping new techniques in conformal field theory, reviving the conformal bootstrap program for constraining the spectrum of operators and the structure constants in 3D and 4D CFT’sPierre-and-Marie-Curie University, (currently at IHÉS)

FPP Laureates

The following is a listing of the laureates, by year (including Special Prize winners).

Year of award Fundamental Physics
Prize laureates[2]		 Awarded for[2] Alma mater Institutional affiliation when prize awarded[2]
2012Nima Arkani-HamedOriginal approaches to outstanding problems in particle physicsUniversity of Toronto,
University of California, Berkeley		Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Alan GuthInvention of inflationary cosmology, and for contributions to the theory for the generation of cosmological density fluctuations arising from quantum fluctuationsMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
Alexei KitaevFor robust quantum memories and fault-tolerant quantum computation using topological quantum phases with anyons and unpaired Majorana modes; topological quantum computing.Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Landau Institute for Theoretical PhysicsCalifornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA Currently at KITP and UCSB, Santa Barbara
Maxim KontsevichNumerous contributions including development of homological mirror symmetry, and the study of wall-crossing phenomena.University of Bonn
Moscow State University		Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, Bures-sur-Yvette
Andrei Linde[10]For development of inflationary cosmology, including the theory of new inflation, eternal chaotic inflation and the theory of inflationary multiverse, and for contributing to the development of vacuum stabilization mechanisms in string theory.Moscow State UniversityStanford University, Stanford
Juan MaldacenaContributions to gauge/gravity duality, relating gravitational physics in a spacetime and quantum field theory on the boundary of the spacetimeUniversidad Nacional de Cuyo, Instituto Balseiro, Princeton UniversityInstitute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Nathan SeibergContributions to our understanding of quantum field theory and string theory.Weizmann Institute of Science, Tel-Aviv UniversityInstitute for Advanced Study, Princeton
Ashoke SenOpening the path to the realization that all string theories are different limits of the same underlying theory.Presidency College, Kolkata
University of Calcutta
IIT Kanpur
Stony Brook University		Harish-Chandra Research Institute, Allahabad
Edward WittenFor applications of topology to physics, non-perturbative duality symmetries, models of particle physics derived from string theory, dark matter detection, and the twistor-string approach to particle scattering amplitudes, as well as numerous applications of quantum field theory to mathematics.Brandeis University (B.A.) University of Wisconsin, Madison
Princeton University (PhD)		Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
2013 (special)Stephen HawkingFor his discovery of Hawking radiation from black holes, and his deep contributions to quantum gravity and quantum aspects of the early universe.[11]
Peter Jenni, Fabiola Gianotti (ATLAS), Michel Della Negra, Tejinder Singh Virdee, Guido Tonelli, Joe Incandela (CMS) and Lyn Evans (LHC)For their leadership role in the scientific endeavour that led to the discovery of the new Higgs-like particle by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at CERN's Large Hadron Collider.[11]
2013Alexander PolyakovFor his many discoveries in field theory and string theory including the conformal bootstrap, magnetic monopoles, instantons, confinement/de-confinement, the quantization of strings in non-critical dimensions, gauge/string duality and many others. His ideas have dominated the scene in these fields during the past decades.Moscow Institute of Physics and TechnologyPrinceton University, Princeton
2014Michael Green;
John Henry Schwarz		For opening new perspectives on quantum gravity and the unification of forces.Harvard University, University of California, Berkeley; and
Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK		California Institute of Technology and Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
2015Saul Perlmutter and members of the Supernova Cosmology Project;
Brian P. Schmidt, Adam Riess and members of the High-Z Supernova Team.		For the most unexpected discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, rather than slowing as had been long assumed.Harvard, UC Berkeley (Perlmutter), University of Arizona, Harvard (Schmidt), and MIT, Harvard, UC Berkeley (Riess)University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Australian National University;Johns Hopkins University and Space Telescope Science Institute
2016Yifang Wang;
Kam-Biu Luk and the Daya Bay Team		For the fundamental discovery and exploration of neutrino oscillations, revealing a new frontier beyond, and possibly far beyond, the standard model of particle physics.Nanjing University (Wang)

University of Hong Kong, Rutgers University (Luk)

Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of California, Berkeley
Atsuto Suzuki and the KamLAND TeamIwate Prefectural University, Japan
Kōichirō Nishikawa and the K2K / T2K TeamHigh Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan
Arthur B. McDonald and the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory TeamDalhousie University, California Institute of TechnologyQueen’s University, Canada
Takaaki Kajita;
Yōichirō Suzuki and the Super-Kamiokande Team		Saitama University, University of Tokyo (Kajita)Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, University of Tokyo, Japan
2016 (special)Ronald Drever, Kip Thorne, Rainer WeissFor the observation of gravitational waves, opening new horizons in astronomy and physics.[12]
Сontributors who are authors of the paper Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger (Physical Review Letters, 11 February 2016) and contributors who also made important contributions to the success of LIGO.
2017Joseph Polchinski,
Andrew Strominger,
Cumrun Vafa		For transformative advances in quantum field theory, string theory, and quantum gravity.[13]University of California, Santa Barbara;
Harvard University;
Harvard University
2018Charles L. Bennett,
Gary Hinshaw,
Norman Jarosik,
Lyman Page Jr.,
David N. Spergel and the WMAP Science Team (Chris Barnes, Olivier Doré, Joanna Dunkley, Ben Gold, Michael Greason, Mark Halpern, Robert Hill, Al Kogut, Eiichiro Komatsu, David Larson, Michele Limon, Stephan Meyer, Michael Nolta, Nils Odegard, Hiranya Peiris, Kendrick Smith, Greg Tucker, Licia Verde, Janet Weiland, Ed Wollack, E. Wollack, Ned Wright)[14]		For detailed maps of the early universe that greatly improved our knowledge of the evolution of the cosmos and the fluctuations that seeded the formation of galaxies.[15]Johns Hopkins University;
University of British Columbia;
Princeton University;
Princeton University;
Princeton University
2018 (special)Jocelyn Bell BurnellFor fundamental contributions to the discovery of pulsars, and a lifetime of inspiring leadership in the scientific community.[7] University of Glasgow (BSc)
University of Cambridge (PhD)		University of Oxford and University of Dundee
2019Charles Kane,
Eugene Mele		For new ideas about topology and symmetry in physics, leading to the prediction of a new class of materials that conduct electricity only on their surface.[16]University of Pennsylvania;
University of Pennsylvania

Trophy

The Fundamental Physics Prize trophy, a work of art created by Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson,[17] is a silver sphere with a coiled vortex inside. The form is, in fact, a toroid, or doughnut shape, resulting from two sets of intertwining three-dimensional spirals. Found in nature, these spirals are seen in animal horns, nautilus shells, whirlpools, and even galaxies and black holes.[18]

Ceremony

The name of the 2013 prize winner was unveiled at the culmination of a ceremony which took place on the evening of March 20, 2013 at the Geneva International Conference Centre.[19] The ceremony was hosted by Hollywood actor and science enthusiast Morgan Freeman.[20] The evening honored the 2013 laureates − 16 outstanding scientists including Stephen Hawking[21] and CERN scientists who led the decades-long effort to discover the Higgs-like particle at the Large Hadron Collider.[22] Sarah Brightman and Russian pianist Denis Matsuev performed for the guests of the ceremony.

Criticism

Some have expressed reservations about such new science mega-prizes.[23]

{{Quote|What's not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists... You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels. The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the meritocracy of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius....

As much as some scientists may grumble about the new awards, the financial doping that they bring to research and the wisdom of the goals behind them, two things seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere. It is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers' money to do with as they please. It is wise to accept such gifts with gratitude and grace.[24] }}

See also

  • Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
  • Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics[25]

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Prizes/1|title=Breakthrough Prize – Fundamental Physics Breakthrough Prize – Prizes|website=breakthroughprize.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-10}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|title=Fundamental Physics Prize - About|url=http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/about.html|publisher=Fundamental Physics Prize|accessdate=4 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105131824/http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/about.html|archivedate=5 November 2012|df=}}
3. ^{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-45425872|title=Bell Burnell: Physics star gives away £2.3m prize|journal=BBC News|date=2018-09-06|last1=Ghosh|first1=Pallab}}
4. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/science/9-scientists-win-yuri-milners-fundamental-physics-prize.html?_r=1 |title=9 Scientists Receive a New Physics Prize |publisher=The New York Times |date=31 July 2012 |accessdate=2012-08-04}}
5. ^[https://archive.today/20130417140258/http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_08_01/New-Russian-physics-prize-three-times-bigger-than-Nobel/ New Russian physics prize three times bigger than Nobel], The Voice of Russia
6. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8ba327a8-7b7e-11e2-95b9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2yacUqM3Z|title=Winners of life science prize revealed|website=Financial Times}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/45|title=Breakthrough Prize – Special Breakthrough Prize In Fundamental Physics Awarded To Jocelyn Bell Burnell For Discovery Of Pulsars|website=breakthroughprize.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-09}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|title=Fundamental Physics Prize News|website=fundamentalphysicsprize.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214063511/http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|archivedate=2012-12-14|df=}}
9. ^{{Cite newspaper|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-wins-prestigious-international-physics-prize.premium-1.484225|title=Israeli Wins Prestigious International Physics Prize|journal=Haaretz|date=2012-12-12|last1=Rinat|first1=Zafrir}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndsb4PJSqKc |accessdate=April 17, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319060101/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndsb4PJSqKc |archivedate=March 19, 2014 }}
11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Fundamental Physics Prize - News|url=http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|publisher=Fundamental Physics Prize|accessdate=11 December 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214063511/http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news3|archivedate=14 December 2012|df=}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=Fundamental Physics Prize - News|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/News/32|publisher=Fundamental Physics Prize (2016)|accessdate=4 May 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1|title=Breakthrough Prize – Laureates|website=breakthroughprize.org}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/index.cfm?fuseAction=home.main&&navOrgCode=660 |title=Congratulations to Charles Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Lyman Page Jr., David Spergel and the WMAP Science Team for winning the 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics |author= |date=3 December 2017 |website=science.gsfc.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |access-date=8 December 2017}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://breakthroughprize.org/Laureates/1|title=Breakthrough Prize – Laureates |website=breakthroughprize.org}}
16. ^[https://breakthroughprize.org/News/47 Laureates 2019]
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox024Yu2ViU |accessdate=April 17, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531053837/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ox024Yu2ViU |archivedate=May 31, 2014 }}
18. ^[https://breakthroughprize.org/Trophy The Breakthrough Prize trophy].
19. ^Press Release http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news4 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424002904/http://www.fundamentalphysicsprize.org/news/news4# |date=2013-04-24 }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52xSOEFTzrM |title=Fundamental Physics Prize Ceremony 2013 - Part 1 |accessdate=April 17, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727002838/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52xSOEFTzrM |archivedate=July 27, 2013 }}
21. ^{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0QY4cGY0pU|title=YouTube|work=youtube.com}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hQnoZtvsBQ |accessdate=April 17, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527070105/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hQnoZtvsBQ |title=Fundamental Physics Prize Ceremony 2013 - Part 2 |archivedate=May 27, 2014 }}
23. ^{{Cite journal|author=Zeeya Merali|date=12 June 2013|title=Science prizes: The new Nobels|journal=Nature|volume=498|issue=7453|pages=152–154|url=http://www.nature.com/news/science-prizes-the-new-nobels-1.13168|accessdate=22 June 2013|doi=10.1038/498152a|pmid=23765473}}
24. ^{{Cite journal|author=Editorial|date=12 June 2013|title=Young upstarts|journal=Nature|volume=498|issue=7453|pages=138|url=http://www.nature.com/news/young-upstarts-1.13172|accessdate=22 June 2013|doi=10.1038/498138a|pmid=23776948}}
25. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/14/science/3-million-prizes-to-go-to-mathematicians.html "$3 Million Prizes Will Go to Mathematicians, Too"], The New York Times

External links

  • {{Official website|https://breakthroughprize.org}}
{{Breakthrough Prize laureates}}

6 : Academic awards|Awards established in 2012|International awards|Physics awards|Physics organizations|Russian science and technology awards
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