| 词条 | Breast atrophy |
| 释义 |
| name = Breast atrophy | synonyms = | image = Kunsthistorisches Museum 09 04 2013 Vanitas Group 07 B.jpg | caption = 15th century sculpture depicting breast atrophy | pronounce = | field = | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Breast atrophy is the normal or spontaneous atrophy or shrinkage of the breasts.[1] Breast atrophy commonly occurs in women during menopause when estrogen levels decrease.[2][3][4] It can also be caused by hypoestrogenism and/or hyperandrogenism in women in general,[1] such as in antiestrogen treatment for breast cancer, in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),[5][6] and in malnutrition such as that associated with eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or with chronic disease.[1][7][8] It can also be an effect of weight loss.[8][9] In the treatment of gynecomastia in males and macromastia in women, and in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for trans men,[10] breast atrophy may be a desired effect. Examples of treatment options for breast atrophy, depending on the situation/when appropriate, can include estrogens, antiandrogens, and proper nutrition or weight gain.{{Citation needed|date=July 2015}} See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite book|author1=Prem Puri|author2=Michael E. Höllwarth|title=Pediatric Surgery: Diagnosis and Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A70xzrxK9EC&pg=PA257|date=28 May 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-69560-8|pages=257–258}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Melvin A. Shiffman|title=Mastopexy and Breast Reduction: Principles and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRzbklu1FFEC&pg=PA42|date=24 December 2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-89873-3|pages=42–}} 3. ^{{cite book|author1=Kristen A. Atkins|author2=Christina Kong|title=Practical Breast Pathology: A Diagnostic Approach: A Volume in the Pattern Recognition Series|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gWxUKXHEGkC&pg=PA67|date=29 October 2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=1-4557-3340-7|pages=67–}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Thomas J. Lawton|title=Breast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z17R70VGhnsC&pg=PA1|date=27 April 2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88159-3|pages=1–}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Ricardo Azziz|title=The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Concepts on Pathogenesis and Clinical Care|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=242bPI5OWCQC&pg=PA20|date=3 July 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-69248-7|pages=20–}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Susan Scott Ricci|author2=Terri Kyle|title=Maternity and Pediatric Nursing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaYtFuND7VIC&pg=PA213|year=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-8055-1|pages=213–}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=J.P. Lavery|author2=J.S. Sanfilippo|title=Pediatric and Adolescent Obstetrics and Gynecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9XTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4612-5064-7|pages=99–}} 8. ^1 {{cite book|author1=Julia A. McMillan|author2=Ralph D. Feigin|author3=Catherine DeAngelis|author4=M. Douglas Jones|title=Oski's Pediatrics: Principles & Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbjFQiz8aR0C&pg=PA558|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=978-0-7817-3894-1|pages=558–}} 9. ^{{cite book|author1=Cynthia Feucht|author2=Donald E. Greydanus|author3=Joav Merrick |author4=Hatim A. Omar |author5=Dilip R. Patel|title=Pharmacotherapeutics in General, Mental and Sexual Health|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDgkBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA287|date=2 April 2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-025570-6|pages=287–}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Merril D. Smith|title=Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrCCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|date=8 September 2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7591-2332-8|pages=121–}} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|N|64.2}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|611.4}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = }}{{Diseases of the breast}}{{Symptom-stub}} 2 : Breast diseases|Medical terminology |
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