词条 | Breast enlargement supplement |
释义 |
Types and ingredientsProducts typically contain a variety of ingredients of plant or fungal origin. The compounds claimed to be pharmacologically active are typically estrogen mimics (called xenoestrogens; specifically known as phytoestrogens in plants and mycoestrogens in fungi).[14] Commonly used ingredients include:{{rp|1330}}[3]{{rp|1345}}
Efficacy and safetyThere is inadequate scientific study whether herbal breast enlargement can be safely achieved.[3] It is unlikely that any of the common ingredients would be efficacious.[3]{{rp|1347}}[13] No randomized, blinded and fully controlled tests has been performed to test any breast enhancement product.{{rp|1332}} Most supplement ingredients do not have significant adverse effects, but some ingredients are potentially dangerous for consumption or use.[3]{{rp|1348}} In the United States, herbal products are normally sold under "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) rules and are not approved for any indication. Some naturally occurring compounds produced by plants and fungi can carry serious health risks. One potential risk is an increased chance of breast cancer. Some of the ingredients included in supplements are carcinogenic, including don quai.{{rp|1331}} By altering the body's hormonal levels, certain ingredients, including zearalenone, may reduce fertility.[14] One ingredient, kava, may cause liver damage.[3]{{rp|1347}} Black cohosh has been shown to have no estrogenic effect in vivo or in vitro.{{rp|1330}} Hops contains estrogen-like compounds, called prenylflavonoids, the most potent of which is 8-prenylnaringenin.[31] Hops' effect on fertility lacks research.[19]{{rp|4914}} Prenylflavonoids from hops have anticancer properties.[31] Zearalenone and its derivatives are a class of xenoestrogens associated with many herbal bust enhancement products.[14] There have been some claims that zearalenone can increase the size of breasts in humans, but there are no tests of efficacy or safety.[3]{{rp|1345}} Zearalenone, produced by a toxic fungus, is a mycoestrogen that stimulates the growth of breast cancer cells, increases the chance of estrogen dependent breast cancer, and may reduce fertility.[14] Other supplements are unlikely to have been spoiled with the mould.[3]{{rp|1348}}[19] Indirect assay tests of the product Erdic (also known as Bust out) on the uterus of rodents, by measuring the amount of estrogen present, showed no difference from the control.[3]{{rp|1345}} Preliminary findings in 2001, in mice, suggested that hops-based products would be ineffective.[40] Another test, of a hops ingredient on mice showed weak effects for high dosages.[3]{{rp|1346}}[19] Diosgenin, which is present in fenugreek and wild yam, affected maturation, but that wasn't enough evidence for this indication.[3]{{rp|1347}} Some medications have been involved in breast enlargement as a side effect.[3][13] See also
References1. ^{{cite book | title = 2003 Annual Review of Antitrust Law Developments | publisher = American Bar Association, ABA Section of Antitrust Law | page = 179}} [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2003/01/developer-purported-breast-enhancement-product-settles-ftc|title=Developer of Purported Breast Enhancement Product Settles FTC Charges|date=22 January 2003|publisher=|accessdate=15 September 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/ucm532771|title=Warning Letters - Dixie Health Inc 8/30/13|website=www.fda.gov|accessdate=15 September 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2002/12/marketers-purported-breast-enhancement-system-settle-ftc-charges|title=Marketers of Purported "Breast Enhancement" System Settle FTC Charges|date=26 December 2002|publisher=|accessdate=15 September 2018}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02805.x |title=ZEN and the art of breast health maintenance |year=2012 |last1=Pazaiti |first1=A. |last2=Kontos |first2=M. |last3=Fentiman |first3=I. S. |journal=International Journal of Clinical Practice |volume=66 |pages=28–36 |pmid=22145580 |issue=1}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |doi=10.1210/jcem.85.12.7168 |title=The Endocrine Activities of 8-Prenylnaringenin and Related Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Flavonoids |year=2000 |last1=Milligan |first1=S. R. |journal=Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=85 |issue=12 |pages=4912–5 |pmid=11134162 |last2=Kalita |first2=JC |last3=Pocock |first3=V |last4=Van De Kauter |first4=V |last5=Stevens |first5=JF |last6=Deinzer |first6=ML |last7=Rong |first7=H |last8=De Keukeleire |first8=D}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00362-4 |title='Bust enhancing' herbal products |year=2003 |last1=Fugh-Berman |first1=A |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=1345–9 |pmid=12798545}} 8. ^1 {{citation|title=Breast-Enlarging Herbs: A Bust?|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/all-about-sex/201010/breast-enlarging-herbs-bust|publisher=Psychology Today|year=2010}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.025 |title=Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: To your good health! |year=2004 |last1=Stevens |first1=Jan F |last2=Page |first2=Jonathan E |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=65 |issue=10 |pages=1317–30 |pmid=15231405}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00081-3 |title=Identification, quantitation and biological activity of phytoestrogens in a dietary supplement for breast enhancement |year=2001 |last1=Coldham |first1=N.G |last2=Sauer |first2=M.J |journal=Food and Chemical Toxicology |volume=39 |issue=12 |pages=1211–24 |pmid=11696395}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=Pruthi M.D.|first=Sandhya|title=Natural breast enhancement: Does it work?|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/natural-breast-enhancement/AN01689|publisher=Mayo Clinic|accessdate=8 February 2014|date=16 August 2012}} }}{{Pharmacological body modification}} 3 : Herbalism|Breast|Consumer fraud |
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