“Brenda Berkman”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Berkman grew up in Minneapolis, where as a child she became acutely aware of gender preference in favor of boys. Her application to Little League was turned down solely on the basis of her gender.^[5]

Career

Brenda Berkman was enrolled in her third year of law school when the New York City Fire Department announced that women could take the exam to become firefighters in 1977.^[6] After passing the written portion of the exam, Berkman and 89 other women subsequently failed the physical portion. It was stated by an official that their physical test was “the most difficult the department had ever administered, [and] was designed more to keep women out than to accurately assess job-related skills.”^[7]

After Berkman's requests for a fairer test were ignored, she filed an ultimately successful class-action lawsuit: Brenda Berkman, et al. v. The City of New York.^[8] A new test was created in which standards were changed so the test was job-related and Brenda with the 40 other women passed to enter the fire academy in 1982.^[9]

(See Brenda Berkman, et al. v. The City of New York, CV-79-1813, 536 F. Supp. 177 (E.D.N.Y. 1982), aff’d Berkman v. City of New York, 705 F.2d 584 (2d Cir. 1983.))

Less than a year later Berkman was fired for alleged lack of physical ability,^[10] while her performance was consistently in the top tier of every task the fire department had given women. When she had returned to her firehouse on the Lower East Side to collect her belongings, the male firefighters wouldn't speak to her. As she exited in silence, they began clapping.^[11]

In 1983 Brenda Berkman and Zaida Gonzalez sued to be reinstated. Judge Sifton's 56-page ruling was highly critical of the Fire Department, which the judge said had ''failed lamentably to prepare its officers and members for the extraordinary task of integrating women into its previously all-male ranks.'' While serving as firefighters, the two women were subjected to ''extensive'' sexual harassment, the judge said.^[12]

The struggle of women to join the FDNY, and Berkman's part in it, was featured in a 2006 PBS documentary called Taking The Heat. ^[13] Berkman was the founder of the United Women Firefighters in 1982, an organization for women in the FDNY. She was its first president and then elected president again multiple times until 1996.^[2]^[14]

Lieutenant Berkman was off duty when the first plane hit the World Trade Center on Sept. 11. She ran to the nearest firehouse and arrived at the site just as the north tower collapsed.^[15] Berkman spent the rest of 9/11 and many weeks following looking for survivors and remains. Most 9/11 accounts reinforced the notion of heroes as men, often referring to firefighters as “firemen’ instead of the gender-neutral term and paid little attention to female workers at the scene. Her push to have women recognized for their contributions eventually led to the production of a video titled “The Women at Ground Zero.”^[16] Her experience was also featured in the book Women at Ground Zero: stories of courage and compassion.^[17]

Awards

Artwork

Berkman responded to the World Trade Center attacks and in 2011 decided for the first time, to deal with her 9/11 experience in her art. She drew and created the stone lithograph print “2001”, a self-portrait depicting a bent over figure, covering her head and moving away as if under attack from above.^[22] In 2012 a self-portrait she created was exhibited at the 9/11 Decade Exhibit at the Westbeth Sculpture Gallery Annex.^[23] The series of stone lithograph images she drew and printed over three years (2015-2017) is titled “Thirty-Six Views of One World Trade Center."^[24] “Thirty-six Views” documents both the rebuilding and the memories of the World Trade Center site. The entire series was acquired by the September 11 Memorial and Museum permanent collection, St. Olaf College (MN) and a private collector.^[25] The 36th print, the only one with color, depicts the two blue lights beamed from Ground Zero annually on 9/11.^[26]

External links

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://monumentalwomen.org/board-of-directors/|title=Board of Directors}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/firefighters.html|title=Guide to the United Women Firefighters Records WAG.057 |publisher=Tamiment Library / Wagner Archives Voices of Feminism Oral history Project-Smith College 3-12-2012 www.smith.edu.|date= |accessdate=May 20, 2012}}
3. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.i-women.org/in_the_news.php?piece=43 |title=Berkman Retires from FDNY |publisher=International Association of Women in Fire & Emergency Services |date= |accessdate=May 20, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201071627/http://www.i-women.org/in_the_news.php?piece=43 |archivedate=February 1, 2014 |df= }}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.laborarts.org/exhibits/womenfirefighters/|title=Labor Arts|website=www.laborarts.org|access-date=2019-03-29}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.talkinghistory.org/sisters/berkman.html|title=Sisters in the Brotherhoods - Brenda Berkman|website=www.talkinghistory.org|access-date=2019-03-29}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/takingtheheat/film.html|title=Independent Lens . TAKING THE HEAT . The Film {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2019-04-02}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.911memorial.org/blog/honoring-four-women-ground-zero|title=Honoring Four Women of Ground Zero|website=National September 11 Memorial & Museum|access-date=2019-04-02}}
8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/536/177/2009820/|title=Berkman v. City of New York, 536 F. Supp. 177 (E.D.N.Y. 1982)|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/takingtheheat/film.html |title=Taking the Heat: The First Women Firefighters of New York City |publisher=PBS |date= |accessdate=May 20, 2012}}
10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/22/nyregion/2-women-lose-firefighter-jobs-after-probation.html|title=2 Women Lose Firefighter Jobs After Probation|last=Bird|first=David|date=1983-09-22|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.brainpickings.org/2017/11/16/worn-in-new-york-emily-spivack-brenda-berkman/|title=How Pioneering Firefighter Brenda Berkman Won Women’s Right to Heroism|last=Popova|first=Maria|date=2017-11-17|website=Brain Pickings|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-02}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/09/nyregion/2-women-win-bias-suit-against-fire-dept.html|title=2 Women Win Bias Suit Against Fire Dept.|last=Shenon|first=Philip|date=1983-12-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/07/brenda-berkman-women-9-11_n_951726.html|title=Brenda Berkman, Former New York City Fire Department Captain, Talks Women At Ground Zero|date=September 7, 2011|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=May 20, 2012}}
14. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.talkinghistory.org/sisters/berkman.html |title=Sisters in the Brotherhoods - Brenda Berkman |publisher=Talkinghistory.org |date= |accessdate=May 20, 2012}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://womensenews.org/2001/12/firefighter-berkman-two-kinds-hero/|title=Firefighter Berkman Is Two Kinds of a Hero|last=Dollarhide|first=Maya|website=Women's eNews|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-02}}
16. ^[https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/15098/Russo_okstate_0664D_13030.pdf?sequence=1 Women Firefighters’ Strategies For Advancement In The Fire Service: Breaking Down Barriers In Gender-Based Occupations], Barbara R. Russo
17. ^{{cite book|title=Women at Ground Zero: Stories of Courage and Compassion|year=2002|publisher=Alpha|isbn=978-0028644226|author=Susan Hagen}}
18. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.911memorial.org/blog/911-first-responders-artwork-now-view-special-exhibition-brooklyn|title=9/11 First Responder’s Artwork Now On View in a Special Exhibition in Brooklyn|website=National September 11 Memorial & Museum|access-date=2019-04-02}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nywf.org/news/2018-celebrating-women-breakfast-highlights/|title=NYWF {{!}} 2018 Celebrating Women Breakfast Highlights|website=NYWF|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}
20. ^{{Cite web|url=https://wp.stolaf.edu/alumni/alumni-awards/alumni-awards-by-year-received/|title=Alumni Awards by Year Received – St. Olaf Alumni|last=Alumni|first=St Olaf|language=en|access-date=2019-04-02}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://204.2.109.187/gcn_525/fightingmorethan.html|title=Fighting More Than Fires|last=Murray|first=Christopher|date=June 22–28, 2006|publisher=Gay City News|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120701150538/http://204.2.109.187/gcn_525/fightingmorethan.html|archivedate=July 1, 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=May 20, 2012|df=}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/wysk-profile-brenda-berkman/|title=WYSK Profile: Brenda Berkman - Women You Should Know|date=2011-09-07|website=Women You Should Know®|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-02}}
23. ^{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Roger |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/145297/artists-bring-9-11-inspired-works-to-west-village |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120914054035/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/145297/artists-bring-9-11-inspired-works-to-west-village |dead-url=yes |archive-date=September 14, 2012 |title=Artists Bring 9/11 Inspired Works To West Village |publisher=NY1.com |date=August 18, 2011 |accessdate=May 20, 2012 }}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/pioneering-fdny-firefighter-turned-artist/|title=Pioneering FDNY Firefighter Turned Artist On Her Powerful Image Series That Deals With 9/11 Rebuilding [VIDEO]|last=wysk|date=2018-06-04|website=Women You Should Know®|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-29}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=https://dc37blog.wordpress.com/2016/09/10/dc-37-hosts-911-exhibit/|title=DC 37 Hosts 9/11 Exhibit in September|last=gheires|date=2016-09-10|website=DC37|language=en|access-date=2019-03-29}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/fdny-survivor-shows-rebirth-nyc-9-11-art-exhibit-article-1.2787010|title=EXCLUSIVE: Brave FDNY Capt. Brenda Berkman depicts ‘rebirth of lower Manhattan’ in 9/11 art exhibit|last=Otis|first=Ginger Adams|website=nydailynews.com|access-date=2019-03-29}}

词条	Brenda Berkman
释义	Early Childhood Career Awards Artwork External links References {{Infobox person \| name = Brenda Berkman \| image = Brenda Berkman.png \| caption = Berkman after a fire \| boards = Monumental Women^[1] \| residence = New York City, New York, U.S. \| occupation = Firefighter, Artist, Lawyer \| movement = Feminism \| education = St. Olaf BA), Indiana University (MA), NYU Law (JD), John Jay College (MS) \| website = {{url\|brendaberkmanartworks.com}} }}Brenda Berkman (born 1951^[2]) is a pioneering female firefighter. She was the sole named class plaintiff in the federal sex discrimination lawsuit that opened the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) to women firefighters.^[3] When she won the lawsuit in 1982, she and 40 other women became FDNY firefighters.^[4] Early Childhood Berkman grew up in Minneapolis, where as a child she became acutely aware of gender preference in favor of boys. Her application to Little League was turned down solely on the basis of her gender.^[5] Career Brenda Berkman was enrolled in her third year of law school when the New York City Fire Department announced that women could take the exam to become firefighters in 1977.^[6] After passing the written portion of the exam, Berkman and 89 other women subsequently failed the physical portion. It was stated by an official that their physical test was “the most difficult the department had ever administered, [and] was designed more to keep women out than to accurately assess job-related skills.”^[7] After Berkman's requests for a fairer test were ignored, she filed an ultimately successful class-action lawsuit: Brenda Berkman, et al. v. The City of New York.^[8] A new test was created in which standards were changed so the test was job-related and Brenda with the 40 other women passed to enter the fire academy in 1982.^[9] (See Brenda Berkman, et al. v. The City of New York, CV-79-1813, 536 F. Supp. 177 (E.D.N.Y. 1982), aff’d Berkman v. City of New York, 705 F.2d 584 (2d Cir. 1983.)) Less than a year later Berkman was fired for alleged lack of physical ability,^[10] while her performance was consistently in the top tier of every task the fire department had given women. When she had returned to her firehouse on the Lower East Side to collect her belongings, the male firefighters wouldn't speak to her. As she exited in silence, they began clapping.^[11] In 1983 Brenda Berkman and Zaida Gonzalez sued to be reinstated. Judge Sifton's 56-page ruling was highly critical of the Fire Department, which the judge said had ''failed lamentably to prepare its officers and members for the extraordinary task of integrating women into its previously all-male ranks.'' While serving as firefighters, the two women were subjected to ''extensive'' sexual harassment, the judge said.^[12] The struggle of women to join the FDNY, and Berkman's part in it, was featured in a 2006 PBS documentary called Taking The Heat. ^[13] Berkman was the founder of the United Women Firefighters in 1982, an organization for women in the FDNY. She was its first president and then elected president again multiple times until 1996.^[2]^[14] Lieutenant Berkman was off duty when the first plane hit the World Trade Center on Sept. 11. She ran to the nearest firehouse and arrived at the site just as the north tower collapsed.^[15] Berkman spent the rest of 9/11 and many weeks following looking for survivors and remains. Most 9/11 accounts reinforced the notion of heroes as men, often referring to firefighters as “firemen’ instead of the gender-neutral term and paid little attention to female workers at the scene. Her push to have women recognized for their contributions eventually led to the production of a video titled “The Women at Ground Zero.”^[16] Her experience was also featured in the book Women at Ground Zero: stories of courage and compassion.^[17] She retired in 2006 at the rank of Captain.^[3] Berkman has remained an outspoken advocate for gender equality.^[18] Awards Susan B. Anthony Award from the National Organization for Women (1984) Revson Fellowship on the Future of the City of New York, from Columbia University (1987-1988) New York Women's Foundation Celebrating Women Honoree (2000)^[19] Distinguished Alumni Award from St. Olaf College (1996)^[20] Women of Courage Award from the National Organization for Women (2002).^[14] She was also the first firefighter to be a White House Fellow.^[21] Artwork Berkman responded to the World Trade Center attacks and in 2011 decided for the first time, to deal with her 9/11 experience in her art. She drew and created the stone lithograph print “2001”, a self-portrait depicting a bent over figure, covering her head and moving away as if under attack from above.^[22] In 2012 a self-portrait she created was exhibited at the 9/11 Decade Exhibit at the Westbeth Sculpture Gallery Annex.^[23] The series of stone lithograph images she drew and printed over three years (2015-2017) is titled “Thirty-Six Views of One World Trade Center."^[24] “Thirty-six Views” documents both the rebuilding and the memories of the World Trade Center site. The entire series was acquired by the September 11 Memorial and Museum permanent collection, St. Olaf College (MN) and a private collector.^[25] The 36th print, the only one with color, depicts the two blue lights beamed from Ground Zero annually on 9/11.^[26] External links [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6l56ShNMAE Taking The Heat] (video) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGTgyO2PLYw Taking The Heat Part II] (video) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wh_NaVIrMxY Taking The Heat Part III] (video) [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5302525 Taking The Heat] (audio) [https://womenyoushouldknow.net/pioneering-fdny-firefighter-turned-artist/ Pioneering FDNY Firefighter Turned Artist On Her Powerful Image Series That Deals With 9/11 Rebuilding] (video) References 1. ^{{cite web\|url=https://monumentalwomen.org/board-of-directors/\|title=Board of Directors}} 2. ^¹{{cite web\|url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/firefighters.html\|title=Guide to the United Women Firefighters Records WAG.057 \|publisher=Tamiment Library / Wagner Archives Voices of Feminism Oral history Project-Smith College 3-12-2012 www.smith.edu.\|date= \|accessdate=May 20, 2012}} 3. ^¹{{cite web \|url=http://www.i-women.org/in_the_news.php?piece=43 \|title=Berkman Retires from FDNY \|publisher=International Association of Women in Fire & Emergency Services \|date= \|accessdate=May 20, 2012 \|deadurl=yes \|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201071627/http://www.i-women.org/in_the_news.php?piece=43 \|archivedate=February 1, 2014 \|df= }} 4. ^{{Cite web\|url=http://www.laborarts.org/exhibits/womenfirefighters/\|title=Labor Arts\|website=www.laborarts.org\|access-date=2019-03-29}} 5. ^{{Cite web\|url=http://www.talkinghistory.org/sisters/berkman.html\|title=Sisters in the Brotherhoods - Brenda Berkman\|website=www.talkinghistory.org\|access-date=2019-03-29}} 6. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/takingtheheat/film.html\|title=Independent Lens . TAKING THE HEAT . The Film {{!}} PBS\|website=www.pbs.org\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 7. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://www.911memorial.org/blog/honoring-four-women-ground-zero\|title=Honoring Four Women of Ground Zero\|website=National September 11 Memorial & Museum\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 8. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/536/177/2009820/\|title=Berkman v. City of New York, 536 F. Supp. 177 (E.D.N.Y. 1982)\|website=Justia Law\|language=en\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 9. ^{{cite web\|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/takingtheheat/film.html \|title=Taking the Heat: The First Women Firefighters of New York City \|publisher=PBS \|date= \|accessdate=May 20, 2012}} 10. ^{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/22/nyregion/2-women-lose-firefighter-jobs-after-probation.html\|title=2 Women Lose Firefighter Jobs After Probation\|last=Bird\|first=David\|date=1983-09-22\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=2019-04-02\|language=en-US\|issn=0362-4331}} 11. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://www.brainpickings.org/2017/11/16/worn-in-new-york-emily-spivack-brenda-berkman/\|title=How Pioneering Firefighter Brenda Berkman Won Women’s Right to Heroism\|last=Popova\|first=Maria\|date=2017-11-17\|website=Brain Pickings\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 12. ^{{Cite news\|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/09/nyregion/2-women-win-bias-suit-against-fire-dept.html\|title=2 Women Win Bias Suit Against Fire Dept.\|last=Shenon\|first=Philip\|date=1983-12-09\|work=The New York Times\|access-date=2019-04-02\|language=en-US\|issn=0362-4331}} 13. ^{{cite web\|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/07/brenda-berkman-women-9-11_n_951726.html\|title=Brenda Berkman, Former New York City Fire Department Captain, Talks Women At Ground Zero\|date=September 7, 2011\|publisher=Huffington Post\|accessdate=May 20, 2012}} 14. ^¹{{cite web\|url=http://www.talkinghistory.org/sisters/berkman.html \|title=Sisters in the Brotherhoods - Brenda Berkman \|publisher=Talkinghistory.org \|date= \|accessdate=May 20, 2012}} 15. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://womensenews.org/2001/12/firefighter-berkman-two-kinds-hero/\|title=Firefighter Berkman Is Two Kinds of a Hero\|last=Dollarhide\|first=Maya\|website=Women's eNews\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 16. ^[https://shareok.org/bitstream/handle/11244/15098/Russo_okstate_0664D_13030.pdf?sequence=1 Women Firefighters’ Strategies For Advancement In The Fire Service: Breaking Down Barriers In Gender-Based Occupations], Barbara R. Russo 17. ^{{cite book\|title=Women at Ground Zero: Stories of Courage and Compassion\|year=2002\|publisher=Alpha\|isbn=978-0028644226\|author=Susan Hagen}} 18. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://www.911memorial.org/blog/911-first-responders-artwork-now-view-special-exhibition-brooklyn\|title=9/11 First Responder’s Artwork Now On View in a Special Exhibition in Brooklyn\|website=National September 11 Memorial & Museum\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 19. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nywf.org/news/2018-celebrating-women-breakfast-highlights/\|title=NYWF {{!}} 2018 Celebrating Women Breakfast Highlights\|website=NYWF\|language=en\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 20. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://wp.stolaf.edu/alumni/alumni-awards/alumni-awards-by-year-received/\|title=Alumni Awards by Year Received – St. Olaf Alumni\|last=Alumni\|first=St Olaf\|language=en\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 21. ^{{cite web\|url=http://204.2.109.187/gcn_525/fightingmorethan.html\|title=Fighting More Than Fires\|last=Murray\|first=Christopher\|date=June 22–28, 2006\|publisher=Gay City News\|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120701150538/http://204.2.109.187/gcn_525/fightingmorethan.html\|archivedate=July 1, 2012\|deadurl=yes\|accessdate=May 20, 2012\|df=}} 22. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/wysk-profile-brenda-berkman/\|title=WYSK Profile: Brenda Berkman - Women You Should Know\|date=2011-09-07\|website=Women You Should Know®\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-04-02}} 23. ^{{cite web \|last=Clark \|first=Roger \|url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/145297/artists-bring-9-11-inspired-works-to-west-village \|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120914054035/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/145297/artists-bring-9-11-inspired-works-to-west-village \|dead-url=yes \|archive-date=September 14, 2012 \|title=Artists Bring 9/11 Inspired Works To West Village \|publisher=NY1.com \|date=August 18, 2011 \|accessdate=May 20, 2012 }} 24. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://womenyoushouldknow.net/pioneering-fdny-firefighter-turned-artist/\|title=Pioneering FDNY Firefighter Turned Artist On Her Powerful Image Series That Deals With 9/11 Rebuilding [VIDEO]\|last=wysk\|date=2018-06-04\|website=Women You Should Know®\|language=en-US\|access-date=2019-03-29}} 25. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://dc37blog.wordpress.com/2016/09/10/dc-37-hosts-911-exhibit/\|title=DC 37 Hosts 9/11 Exhibit in September\|last=gheires\|date=2016-09-10\|website=DC37\|language=en\|access-date=2019-03-29}} 26. ^{{Cite web\|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/manhattan/fdny-survivor-shows-rebirth-nyc-9-11-art-exhibit-article-1.2787010\|title=EXCLUSIVE: Brave FDNY Capt. Brenda Berkman depicts ‘rebirth of lower Manhattan’ in 9/11 art exhibit\|last=Otis\|first=Ginger Adams\|website=nydailynews.com\|access-date=2019-03-29}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Berkman, Brenda}} 8 : 1951 births\|Living people\|Women in firefighting\|New York City firefighters\|White House Fellows\|United States district court cases\|United States employment discrimination case law\|Gender discrimination lawsuits
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Early Childhood

Career

Awards

Artwork

External links

References