| 词条 | Permian Basin (North America) | ||
| 释义 |
| name = Permian Basin | other_name = | named_for = Permian | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = | pushpin_map = United States | pushpin_map_size = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_mark = | pushpin_mark_size = | pushpin_label = | pushpin_label_position = | map_image = Permian Basin.jpg | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = The West Texas Permian Basin | column_image = | column_size = | column_alt = | column_caption = | section_image = | section_size = | section_alt = | section_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|32|30|N|103|00|W|display:inline,title}} | location = Southeastern North America | region = | country = {{USA}} | state = Texas & New Mexico | cities = Midland, Odessa | onoffshore = Onshore | boundaries = Matador Arch (N) Ouachita–Marathon thrust belt (S) | partof = | seas = | rivers = Pecos River | lakes = | area = >{{convert|86000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} | basin_type = Cratonic basin (Bally & Snelson) Interior sag basin (Kingston et al.) Intracontinental complex basin (Klemme) | orogeny = Hercynian | age = Pennsylvanian-Guadalupian | stratigraphy = Stratigraphy | fields = Fields | faults = | footnotes = | embed = }} The Permian Basin is a large sedimentary basin in the southwestern part of the United States. The basin contains the Mid-Continent Oil Field province. This sedimentary basin is located in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. It reaches from just south of Lubbock, past Midland and Odessa, south nearly to the Rio Grande River in southern West Central Texas, and extending westward into the southeastern part of New Mexico. It is so named because it has one of the world's thickest deposits of rocks from the Permian geologic period. The greater Permian Basin comprises several component basins; of these, the Midland Basin is the largest, Delaware Basin is the second largest, and Marfa Basin is the smallest. The Permian Basin covers more than {{convert|86000|sqmi|km2}},[1] and extends across an area approximately {{convert|250|mi|km}} wide and {{convert|300|mi|km}} long.[2] The Permian Basin lends its name to a large oil and natural gas producing area, part of the Mid-Continent Oil Producing Area. Total production for that region up to the beginning of 1993 was over {{convert|14.9|Goilbbl|m3}}. The cities of Midland, Texas, Odessa, Texas and San Angelo serve as the headquarters for oil production activities in the basin. The Permian Basin is also a major source of potassium salts (potash), which are mined from bedded deposits of sylvite and langbeinite in the Salado Formation of Permian age. Sylvite was discovered in drill cores in 1925, and production began in 1931. The mines are located in Lea and Eddy counties, New Mexico, and are operated by the room and pillar method. Halite (rock salt) is produced as a byproduct of potash mining.[3][4][5][6] ComponentsDelaware BasinThe Delaware Basin is the larger of the two major lobes of the Permian Basin within the foreland of the Ouachita–Marathon thrust belt separated by the Central Basin Platform. The basin contains sediment dating to Pennsylvanian, Wolfcampian (Wolfcamp Formation), Leonardian (Avalon Shale), and early Guadalupian times. The eastward-dipping Delaware basin is subdivided into several formations (Figure{{nbsp}}2) and contains approximately {{convert|25000|ft|m}} of laminated siltstone and sandstone. Aside from clastic sediment, the Delaware basin also contains carbonate deposits of the Delaware Group, originating from the Guadalupian times when the Hovey Channel allowed access from the sea into the basin.[5] Midland BasinThe westward-dipping Midland Basin is subdivided into several formations (Figure 4) and is composed of laminated siltstone and sandstone. The Midland Basin was filled via a large subaqeuous delta that deposited clastic sediment into the basin. Aside from clastic sediment, the Midland Basin also contains carbonate deposits originating from the Guadalupian times when the Hovey Channel allowed access from the sea into the basin.[5] Central Basin PlatformThe Central Basin Platform (CBP) is a tectonically uplifted basement block capped by a carbonate platform. The CBP separates the Delaware and Midland Basins and is subdivided into several formations, from oldest to youngest Wolfcamp, Abo, Drinkard, Tubb, Blinebry, Paddock, Glorietta, San Andres, Grayburg, Queen, Seven Rivers, Yates, and Tansill Formations (Figure{{nbsp}}5). The sequence mainly comprises carbonate reef deposits and shallow marine clastic sediments.[5] Eastern and Northwest ShelvesThe Eastern and Northwestern Shelves are composed of shelf edge reefs and shelf carbonates flanking the Delaware and Midland Basins that grade up-dip into siltstones and evaporites. The Eastern and Northwestern Shelves are subdivided into the San Andres, Grayburg, Queen, Seven Rivers, Yates, and Tansill Formations.[5] San Simon ChannelThe San Simon Channel is a narrow syncline that separated the Central Basin Platform from the Northwestern Shelf during Leonardian and Guadalupian times.[5] Sheffield ChannelThe Sheffield Channel separates the southern margin of the Midland Basin from the southern shelf and the Ouachita–Marathon thrust-belt during Leonardian and Guadalupian times.[5] Hovey ChannelThe Hovey Channel is a topographical low located on the southern edge of the Delaware Basin, allowing access to the Panthalassa sea during Guadalupian times.[5] The Hovey Channel was originally an anticline which formed during Precambrian faulting,[6] and was the main source of sea water for the Delaware Basin. The closing of the Hovey Channel towards the end of the Permian Period eventually caused the death of the Permian Reef, as without water being brought in through the Channel, salinity levels rose drastically in the Delaware Basin and the reef could not survive.[7] Horseshoe AtollThe Horseshoe Atoll is a westward-tilting arcuate chain of reef mounds {{convert|175|mi|km}} long located in the Midland Basin, consisting of {{convert|1804|ft}} of limestone accumulated in the Pennsylvanian and {{convert|1099|ft}} in the Permian, with 15 significant reservoirs from {{convert|6099|ft}} to {{convert|9902|ft}} in depth.[9] The reef complex consists of Upper Pennsylvanian Strawn, Canyon and Cisco limestones, overlain by Lower Permian Wolfcamp sandstones and shales of terrigenous origin prograding northeast to southwest.[10] The first production well, Seabird Oil Company of Delaware No.{{nbsp}}1-B J.{{nbsp}}C. Caldwell, was completed in 1948.[11] Depositional history{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2018}}The Permian Basin is the thickest deposit of Permian aged rocks on Earth which were rapidly deposited during the collision of North America and Gondwana (South America and Africa) between the late Mississippian through the Permian. The Permian Basin also includes formations that date back to the Ordovician Period (445 mya). ProterozoicPrior to the breakup of the Precambrian supercontinent and the formation of the modern Permian Basin geometry, shallow marine sedimentation onto to the ancestral Tobosa Basin characterized the passive margin, shallow marine environment. The Tobosa Basin also contains basement rock that dates back to 1330 million years ago (mya), and that are still visible in the present-day Guadalupe Mountains. The basement rock contains biotite-quartz granite, discovered at a depth of 3847 m[6]. In the nearby Apache and Glass Mountains, the basement rock is made of metamorphosed sandstone and Precambrian-aged granite. The entire area is also underlain by layered mafic rocks, which are thought to be a part of Pecos Mafic Igneous Suite , and extends 360 km into southern USA and has been dated to 1163 mya. Late Paleozoic (Late Cambrian to Mississippian)Ordovician Period (485.4 - 443.8 mya)Each period from the Paleozoic Era has contributed a specific lithology to the Tobosa Basin, accumulating into almost 2000 m of sediment at the start of the Pennsylvanian Period (323.2 – 298.9 mya).[6] The Montoya Group is the youngest rock formation in the Tobosa Basin and was formed in the Ordovician Period (485.4 - 443.8 mya), and sit directly on the igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. The rocks from the Montoya Group are descried as light to medium grey, fine to medium grained crystalline calcareous dolomite. These rocks were sometimes inter-bedded with shale, dark grey limestone, and, less commonly, chert. the Montoya Group sequence is made up of carbonate limestone and dolomite which is described as dense, impermeable, and non-porous, and is more commonly found in the Glass Mountains outcrop, with thickness varying from 46 to 155 m. [6] Silurian Period (443.8 – 419.2 mya)During the Silurian Period, the Tobosa Basin experienced dramatic changes in sea level which led to the formation of multiple rock groups. The first of these groups, called the Fusselman Formation, is mostly made up of light grey, medium to coarse grained dolomite. The thickness of this formation varies from 15 to 50 m, and parts of the Fusselman Formation were also subject to karstification, which indicates a drop in sea level. The second rock group that formed during the Silurian Period is called the Wristen Formation, which is mud, shale, and dolomite rich rock that reaches a thickness of 450 m in some places. Karstification of the Fusselman Formation shows that a drop in sea level occurred, but sea levels rose again during a transgressive event, which lead to the creation of the Wristen Formation. Sea levels would then drop again, which led to major exposure, erosion, and karstification of these formations. [6] Late Mississippian–Early PermianThe collision of North America and Gondwana Land (South America and Africa) during the Hercynian orogeny created the Ouachita–Marathon thrust belt and the associated foreland basins, the Delaware and Midland Basins, separated by the Central Basin Platform. The tectonic activity resulted in the distribution of voluminous siliciclastic sediments into the basins during the Early Pennsylvanian. Siliciclastic sedimentation was followed by the formation of carbonate shelves and margins at the basin flanks in the Early Permian. Late PermianAfter the Hercynian orogeny, {{convert|4|km}} of sediment filled the rapidly subsiding Delaware and Midland basins. The Midland basin was filled by about 270{{nbsp}}mya, as it received the majority of clastic sediment from the Hercynian Orogeny via a subaqueous delta, while the Delaware Basin continued to fill until the late Permian. Sandstones and some deep water, organic rich shales were deposited within the basins while reef carbonates were deposited on the Central Basin Platform and on the shelves of the basins. The extensive reef deposits fringing the Delaware Basin became known as the Capitan Limestone. In the later Guadalupian, the Permian sea retreated, and the basins were capped with evaporite deposits, including salts and gypsum. The deep water shale and carbonate reefs of the Delaware and Midland Basins and the Central Basin Platform would become lucrative hydrocarbon reservoirs.[5][27] Generalized facies tracts of the Permian Basin{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2018}}The Permian basin is divided into generalized facies belts differentiated by the depositional environment in which they formed, influenced by sea level, climate, salinity, and access to the sea. Lowstand systems tractLowering sea level exposes the peritidal and potentially, the shelf margin regions, allowing linear channel sandstones to cut into the shelf, extending beyond the shelf margin atop the slope carbonates, fanning outward toward the basin. The tidal flats during a lowstand contain aeolian sandstones and siltstones atop supratidal lithofacies of the transgressive systems tract. The basin fill during a lowstand is composed of thin carbonate beds intermingled with sandstone and siltstone at the shelf and sandstone beds within the basin. Transgressive systems tractThese facies results from the abrupt deepening of the basin and the reestablishment of carbonate production. Carbonates such as bioturbated wackstone and oxygen poor lime mud accumulate atop the underlying lowstand systems tract sandstones in the basin and on the slope. The tidal flats are characterized by supratidal faces of hot and arid climate such as dolomudstones and dolopackstones. The basin is characterized by thick carbonate beds on or close to the shelf with the shelf margin becoming progressively steeper and the basin sandstones becoming thinner. Highstand systems tractHighstand systems tract facies results from the slowing down in the rise of sea level. It is characterized by carbonate production on the shelf margin and dominant carbonate deposition throughout the basin. The lithofacies is of thick beds of carbonates on the shelf and shelf margin and thin sandstone beds on the slope. The basin becomes restricted by the formation of red beds on the shelf, creating evaporites in the basin.[14][15][16] Tectonic historyDuring the Cambrian–Mississippian, the ancestral Permian Basin was the broad marine passive margin Tobosa Basin containing deposits of carbonates and clastics. In the early Pennsylvanian–early Permian the collision of North American and Gondwana Land (South America and Africa) caused the Hercynian orogeny. The Hercynian Orogeny resulted in the Tobosa basin being differentiated into two deep basins (the Delaware and the Midland Basins) surrounded by shallow shelves. During the Permian, the basin became structurally stable and filled with clastics in the basin and carbonates on the shelves.[17] Lower Paleozoic passive margin phase (late Precambrian–Mississippian, 850–310 Mya)This passive margin succession is present throughout the southwestern US and is up to {{convert|0.93|mi}} thick. The ancestral Permian basin is characterized by weak crustal extension and low subsidence in which the Tobosa basin developed. The Tobosa basin contained shelf carbonates and shales.[18] Collision phase (late Mississippian–Pennsylvanian, 310–265 Mya)The two lobed geometry of the Permian basin separated by a platform was the result of the Hercynian collisional orogeny during the collision of North America and Gondwana Land (South America and Africa). This collision uplifted the Ouachita-Marathon fold belt and deformed the Tobosa Basin. The Delaware Basin resulted from tilting along areas of Proterozoic weakness in Tobosa basin. Southwestern compression reactivated steeply dipping thrust faults and uplifted the Central Basin ridge. Folding of the basement terrane split the basin into the Delaware basin to the west and the Midland Basin to the east.[17][19] Permian Basin phase (Permian, 265–230 Mya)Rapid sedimentation of clastics, carbonate platforms and shelves, and evaporites proceeded synorogenically. Bursts of orogenic activity are divided by three angular unconformities in basin strata. Evaporite deposits in the small remnant basin mark the final stage of sedimentation as the basin became restricted from the sea during sea level fall.[18][20] Hydrocarbon production and reservesThe Permian Basin is the largest petroleum-producing basin in the United States and has produced a cumulative 28.9{{nbsp}}billion barrels of oil and 75{{nbsp}}trillion cubic feet of gas. Currently, nearly 2 million barrels of oil a day are being pumped from the basin. It has been estimated by the EIA that the remaining content was 43 billion barrels of oil and 18 trillion cu. ft. of gas. Eighty percent of estimated reserves are located at less than 10000|ft depth. Ten percent of the oil recovered from the Permian Basin has come from Pennsylvanian carbonates. The largest reservoirs are within the Central Basin Platform, the Northwestern and Eastern shelves, and within Delaware Basin sandstones. The Primary lithologies of the major hydrocarbon reservoirs are limestone, dolomite, and sandstone due to their high porosities. However, advances in hydrocarbon recovery such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have expanded production into unconventional, tight oil shales such as those found in the Wolfcamp Shale.[21][22] Counties of the Permian BasinDue to its economic significance, the Permian Basin has also given its name to the geographic region in which it lies. The counties of this region include:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
According to the 2008/2009 census, the Permian Basin had a total population of 522,568. Other counties sometimes considered part of the Permian Basin are:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
When including those counties, the population of the Permian Basin reaches 577,667.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} See also{{portal|Geology|Energy|Permian|Prehistory of North America}}
References1. ^[https://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov44/text/prov44.pdf Ball - The Permian Basin] - USGS 2. ^Permian Basin map at Department of Energy, National Energy Lab 3. ^B. R. Alto and R. S. Fulton (1965) "Salines" and "The potash industry" in Mineral and Water Resources of New Mexico, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Bulletin{{nbsp}}87, p.299–309. 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Galley|first1=John|title=Oil and Geology in the Permian Basin of Texas and New Mexico|date=1995}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite journal|last1=Ward, et. al.|first1=R.F.|title=Upper Permian (Guadalupian) facies and their association with hydrocarbons-Permian basin, west Texas and New Mexico|journal=AAPG Bulletin|date=1986|volume=70|pages=239–262|doi=10.1306/9488566f-1704-11d7-8645000102c1865d}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|title=Geology of the Delaware Basin, Guadalupe, Apache, and Glass Mountains, New Mexico and West Texas|last=A.|first=Hill, Carol|date=1996|publisher=Permian Basin Section-SEPM|oclc=994835616}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Weidlich|first=Oliver|date=December 2002|title=Permian reefs re-examined: extrinsic control mechanisms of gradual and abrupt changes during 40 my of reef evolution|journal=Geobios|volume=35|pages=287–294|doi=10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00066-9|issn=0016-6995}} 8. ^Stafford, P. T., 1959, Geology of Part of the Horseshoe Atoll in Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas, USGS Professional Paper 315-A, Washington: US Dept. of Interior, p.{{nbsp}}2. 9. ^Vest, E. L. Jr., 1970, Oil Fields of Pennsylvanian-Permian Horseshoe Atoll, West Texas, AAPG Memoir 14: Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: AAPG, pp. 185–186. 10. ^Vest, E. L. Jr., 1970, Oil Fields of Pennsylvanian–Permian Horseshoe Atoll, West Texas, AAPG Memoir 14: Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: AAPG, p. 185. 11. ^Vest, E. L. Jr., 1970, Oil Fields of Pennsylvanian-Permian Horseshoe Atoll, West Texas, AAPG Memoir 14: Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Tulsa: AAPG, p. 186. 12. ^Stafford, P. T., 1959, Geology of Part of the Horseshoe Atoll in Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas, USGS Professional Paper 315-A, Washington: US Dept. of Interior, p. 6. 13. ^Stafford, P. T., 1959, Geology of Part of the Horseshoe Atoll in Scurry and Kent Counties, Texas, USGS Professional Paper 315-A, Washington: US Dept. of Interior, p. 8. 14. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Hunt et. al|first1=David|title=Syndepositional deformation of the Permian Capitan reef carbonate platform, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, USA|date=2002|volume=154|issue=3–4|pages=89–126|doi=10.1016/s0037-0738(02)00104-5|journal=Sedimentary Geology}} 15. ^{{cite book|last1=Ross et. al|first1=C.A.|title=The Permian of Northern Pangea 1: Paleogeography, Paleoclimates, Stratigraphy|date=1995|publisher=Springer-Verlag|pages=98–123}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Siver|first1=Burr|title=Permian Cyclic Strata, Northern Midland and Delaware Basins, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico|journal=AAPG Bulletin|date=1969|volume=53|issue=11|doi=10.1306/5d25c94d-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d}} 17. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Hills|first1=J.M.|title=Sedimentation, tectonism, and hydrocarbon generation in the Delaware basin, West Texas and Southeastern New Mexico|journal=AAPG Bulletin|date=1984|volume=68|pages=250–267|doi=10.1306/ad460a08-16f7-11d7-8645000102c1865d}} 18. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Horak|first1=R.L.|title=Tectonic and hydrocarbon maturation history in the Permian basin|journal=Oil and Gas Journal|date=May 27, 1985|pages=124–129}} 19. ^{{cite journal|last1=Sarg et. al|first1=J.|title=The second-order cycle, carbonate-platform growth, and reservoir, source, and trap prediction, Advances in carbonate sequence stratigraphy: Application to reservoirs, outcrops and models: Special Publication|journal=SEPM|date=1999|volume=63|pages=11–34}} 20. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hoak et. al|first1=T|title=Overview of the Structural Geology and Tectonics of the Central Basin Platform, Delaware Basin, and Midland Basin, West Texas and New Mexico|journal=Department of Energy Publication|date=1991}} 21. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=Wayne|title=Pennsylvanian paleodepositional evolution of the greater Permian Basin, Texas and New Mexico: Depositional systems and hydrocarbon reservoir analysis|journal=AAPG Bulletin|date=2011|volume=95|issue=9|pages=1525–1555|doi=10.1306/01031110127}} 22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dutton et. al|first1=S.P.|title=Play analysis and leading edge oil-reservoir development methods in the Permian Basin; increased recovery through advanced technologies|journal=AAPG Bulletin|date=2005|volume=89|issue=5|pages=553–576|doi=10.1306/12070404093}} External links
12 : Sedimentary basins of North America|Carboniferous United States|Permian United States|Geologic provinces of Texas|Regions of New Mexico|Regions of Texas|Carboniferous geology of New Mexico|Carboniferous geology of Texas|Permian geology of New Mexico|Permian geology of Texas|Oil fields of the United States|Oil fields in Texas |
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