“Brick Palace”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Brick Palace was the first western-style structure built in the Hawaiian Islands for Kamehameha the Great to serve as the first Royal Palace.^[1] Lahaina became the seat of government for the Hawaiian Kingdom until 1845.^[2]^[3] The king commissioned the structure to be built at Keawa'iki point in Lahaina, Maui.^[4] Two foreign, ex-convicts from Australia's Botany Bay penal colony built the home.^[5] It was begun in 1798 and was completed after 4 years in 1802.^[6]^[7] The house was intended for Kamehameha's favorite and most powerful wife, Kaahumanu,^[8] but she refused to live in the structure and resided instead in a traditional Hawaiian-styled home only feet away.^[4]

Kamehameha used the building as part of his encampment in 1802,^[9] with over 1000 people in his entourage.^[10] The encampment area surrounding the building became a neighborhood known for the chiefly line associated with Kamehameha. Food was grown for the royal family and the area called the "Royal Taro Patch" was connected with this structure. After the unsuccessful war on Kauai, Kamehameha moved his court to Honolulu.

Construction

The site was selected because of the king's strong ties to the island of Maui. Two of his wives were from districts on the island, Kaʻahumanu and Keōpūolani.^[11] Kamehameha I was highly interested in western-style buildings.^[8] Prior to 1795 there were several shipwrecked foreigners on Oahu. From these foreigners, Kamehameha commissioned Mr. Mela (Miller) and Mr. Keka 'ele'ele (Black Jack), two escaped convicts from the penal colony of Australia, known as Botany Bay.^[14] Keka 'ele'ele was possibly the first black settler in the Hawaiian Islands.^[12] The two had been on the island since before the unification. After the Battle of Nuʻuanu they took Kamehameha's side.^[13]^[14]

The building was built on top of a mound enclosed with a dry masonry wall built of round rocks between one and two feet on diameter. The mound was larger than the structure and likely had a canoe landing; it was paved with black water-smoothed pebbles and probably formed part of a more ancient structure. The foundations are dry masonry stone resting on a level sand lens. The house was a two-story building made of some sort of red brick. The bricks were laid in a pattern known as "British bond", likely because the two people enlisted to build the structure originated from England. It had glazed windows and possibly a chimney. The construction is estimated to have required 92 tons of clay to make 38,500 bricks. Despite earlier accounts of the measurements, excavations uncovered the dimensions to be 41 feet long and 15 feet wide. It was divided into four rooms using Koa wood for the interior.^[18]

Within 17 years the wall of the structure began to sag and needed attention. The main issue was the traditional mound the structure was built on, which was designed for a typical Hawaiian hut. The weight of the building was too much. To attempt a fix, the entire building was plastered with mortar.{{cn|date=July 2018}}

Archaeology

In 1964 Kenneth P. Emory of the Bishop Museum invited two archaeologists to excavate the site. The excavations were to answer the question of the exact location, materials used and the precise dimensions. After pavement was removed from the site location, excavations began on December 9, 1964.^[15] Walter M. Fredericksen and Demaris L. Fredericksen published their report of the excavations in 1965.^[8]^[16] The report was prepared for the Maui Historical Commission.^[17]

Brick

The bricks used to build the house varied in quality and most were red in color. Samples found indicate that most were fired from a brownish local clay. The variation in each brick could be from experimentation or from badly collected material. While clearly fired, it is also clear the bricks were not well fired. Their size varied between 1 1/2 and 3 inches in thickness. All the bricks found were of a period before standard modern bricks were available.^[15] The mortar was made up mostly of sand and coral. Two types were found: a lavender-colored mortar made of sand and coral (reduced by burning for its lime) was found through most of the remains with the exception of the east corner, where there was a brown mortar which was a softer mixture of mud sand and coral pieces.^[15]

There were four courses of brick at the highest point of the remaining walls that were uncovered during excavations, all laid with their axes at right angles in the "British bond" brick-laying pattern. Three corners of the structure were found, designating the structure's total dimensions.^[15]

Reconstruction

Today the site of the Brick Palace is located at Lahaina Banyan Court Park off Front Street in Lahaina, directly behind the public library. Part of Wharf Street was removed in 1964 when the original excavations took place and now curves into Papelekane Street.

A reconstructed outline of the palace structure is permanently displayed, set into a concrete base. A course of red is laid in the same manner as the original structure and clearly outlines the foundations and diameter of the structure.

References

1. ^{{cite book|author1=Lonely Planet|author2=Sara Benson|author3=Amy C Balfour |author4=Adam Karlin |author5=Adam Skolnick |author6=Paul Stiles |author7=Ryan Ver Berkmoes|title=Lonely Planet Hawaii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRuDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT732|date=1 August 2013|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-1-74321-788-7|pages=732–}}
2. ^{{cite book|author1=Glenda Bendure|author2=Ned Friary|title=Lonely Planet Maui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghhZwsXa6koC&pg=PA244|year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-714-1|pages=244–}}
3. ^{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Noelle Watson|author3=Paul Schellinger|title=The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTL_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-25930-4|pages=315–|authormask=|trans-title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=}}
4. ^¹{{cite book|title=Lahaina Watershed Flood Control Project: Environmental Impact Statement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cu43AQAAMAAJ|year=2004|page= 214}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Rich Budnick|title=Hawaii's Forgotten History: 1900-1999: The Good...The Bad...The Embarrassing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2nxAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Aloha Press|page= 154|isbn=978-0-944081-04-4}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=Jeanette Foster|title=Frommer's Maui 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZfNoKimebIC&pg=PT144|date=17 July 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-33145-3|pages=144–}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=Patrick Vinton Kirch|title=Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpmY7h7cVQ8C&pg=PA318|date=1 January 1997|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1938-5|pages=318–}}
8. ^¹²{{cite book|author1=David Thompson|author2=Lesa M. Griffith|author3=Joan Conrow|title=Pauline Frommer's Hawaii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4WhLI5teG4C&pg=PA284|date=14 July 2006|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-06984-4|pages=284–}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=William De Witt Alexander|title=A Brief History of the Hawaiian People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5cxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA151|year=1899|publisher=American book Company|pages=151–|authormask=|trans-title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=}}
10. ^{{cite book|author=P. Christiaan Klieger|title=Moku'Ula: Maui's Sacred Island|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HitzAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Bishop Museum Press|isbn=978-1-58178-002-4|authormask=|trans-title=|format=|origyear=|oclc=|doi=|bibcode=|id=|quote=|laysummary=|laydate=}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Carol Fowler|title=Explorer's Guide Maui: Includes Molokai & Lanai: A Great Destination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpMA3Q4dkq4C&pg=PA29|date=17 December 2008|publisher=Countryman Press|isbn=978-1-58157-047-2|pages=29–}}
12. ^{{cite book|author=Miles M. Jackson|title=They followed the trade winds: African Americans in Hawaiʻi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fie7AAAAIAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Dept. of Sociology, University of Hawaii at Manoa|page=11|isbn=978-0-8248-2965-0}}
13. ^¹{{cite book|author=Samuel Manaiakalani Kamakau|title=Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B2NQPgAACAAJ|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Kamehameha Schools Press|page= 174|isbn=978-0-87336-014-2}}
14. ^{{cite book|title=Hawaii. Ediz. Inglese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRXR69wo-rYC&pg=PA340|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-344-7|pages=340–}}
15. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book|author1=Walter M. Fredericksen|author2=Demaris L. Fredericksen|author3=Ray Morris|author4=Maui Historic Commission|title=Report on the Archaeological Excavation of the "Brick Palace" of King Kamehameha I at Lahaina, Maui, Hawaii, Submitted to the Maui Historic Commission|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmS7ngEACAAJ|year=1965}}
16. ^{{cite book|title=Journal of the Society for Historical Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-g-AQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Society for Historical Archaeology.}}
17. ^{{cite book|title=FAP-30 (Honoapiilani Highway) Realignment, Puamana to Honokowai, Lahaina District, Maui County: Environmental Impact Statement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Q1AQAAMAAJ|year=1991}}