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词条 Persian alphabet
释义

  1. Letters

      Overview table    Letters that do not link to a following letter   Diacritics  Short vowels  Tanvin (nunation)  Tašdid  Other characters  Novel letters  Deviations from the Arabic script 

  2. Word boundaries

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{for|other scripts that have been used to write the Persian language|Persian language#Orthography}}{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=September 2015}}{{More footnotes|date=September 2015}}
}}{{Contains Perso-Arabic text}}{{Arabic-script sidebar|Persian}}

The Persian alphabet ({{lang-fa|الفبای فارسی}}, {{transl|fa|alefbā-ye fârsi}}), or Perso-Arabic alphabet, is a writing system used for the Persian language.

The Persian script is a modified version of the Arabic script. It is an abjad, meaning vowels are underrepresented in writing. The writing direction is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is cursive, meaning most letters in a word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letterforms. However, some Persian compounds do not join, and Persian adds four letters to the basic set for a total of 32 characters.

The replacement of the Pahlavi scripts with the Persian alphabet to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirid dynasty in 9th-century Greater Khorasan.[1][2]

Letters

Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on the left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word.[3]

The names of the letter are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is {{transl|fa|he}}, which is used for both {{lang|fa|ح}} and {{lang|fa|ه}}. For clarification, they are often called {{transl|fa|ḥâ-ye ḥotti}} or {{transl|fa|ḥä-ye jimi}} (literally "{{transl|fa|jim}}-like {{transl|fa|ḥe}}" after {{transl|fa|jim}}, the name for the letter {{lang|fa|ج}} that uses the same base form) and {{transl|fa|hâ-ye havvaz}} or {{transl|fa|hâ-ye do-češm}} (literally "two-eyed {{transl|fa|he}}", after the contextual middle letterform {{lang|fa|ـهـ}}), respectively.

Overview table

#Name
(in Persian)		Name
(transliterated)		DIN 31635IPAUnicodeContextual forms
Final Medial Initial Isolated
0{{lang|fa|همزه}}{{transl|sem|hamze}}[4]{{Transl|sem|ʾ}}{{IPA|[ʔ]}} U+0621{{N/A}}{{N/A}}{{N/A}}{{Lang|fa|ء}}
U+0623{{Lang|fa|ـأ}}{{Lang|fa|أ}}
U+0626{{Lang|fa|ـئ}}{{Lang|fa|ـئـ}}{{Lang|fa|ئـ}}{{Lang|fa|ئ}}
U+0624{{Lang|fa|ـؤ}}{{Lang|fa|ؤ}}
1fa|الف}}sem|ʾalef}}sem|â}}[ɒ]}} U+0627{{lang|fa|ـا}}{{lang|fa|ا}}
2fa|به}}sem|be}}sem|b}}[b]}} U+0628{{lang|fa|ـب}}{{lang|fa|ـبـ}}{{lang|fa|بـ}}{{lang|fa|ب}}
3fa|په}}sem|pe}}sem|p}}[p]}} U+067E{{lang|fa|ـپ}}{{lang|fa|ـپـ}}{{lang|fa|پـ}}{{lang|fa|پ}}
4fa|ته}}sem|te}}sem|t}}[t]}} U+062A{{lang|fa|ـت}}{{lang|fa|ـتـ}}{{lang|fa|تـ}}{{lang|fa|ت}}
5fa|ثه}}sem|s̱e}}sem|s̱}}[s]}} U+062B{{lang|fa|ـث}}{{lang|fa|ـثـ}}{{lang|fa|ثـ}}{{lang|fa|ث}}
6fa|جه}}sem|je}}sem|j}}[d͡ʒ]}} U+062C{{lang|fa|ـج}}{{lang|fa|ـجـ}}{{lang|fa|جـ}}{{lang|fa|ج}}
7fa|چه}}sem|če}}sem|č}}[t͡ʃ]}} U+0686{{lang|fa|ـچ}}{{lang|fa|ـچـ}}{{lang|fa|چـ}}{{lang|fa|چ}}
8fa|حه}}sem|ḥe}} ({{transl|fa|ḥâ-ye ḥotti}}, {{transl|fa|ḥâ-ye jimi}})sem|ḥ}}[h]}} U+062D{{lang|fa|ـح}}{{lang|fa|ـحـ}}{{lang|fa|حـ}}{{lang|fa|ح}}
9fa|خه}}sem|xe}}sem|x}}[x]}} U+062E{{lang|fa|ـخ}}{{lang|fa|ـخـ}}{{lang|fa|خـ}}{{lang|fa|خ}}
10fa|دال}}sem|dâl}}sem|d}}[d]}} U+062F{{lang|fa|ـد}}{{lang|fa|د}}
11fa|ذال}}sem|ẕâl}}sem|ẕ}}[z]}} U+0630{{lang|fa|ـذ}}{{lang|fa|ذ}}
12fa|ره}}sem|re}}sem|r}}[ɾ]}} U+0631{{lang|fa|ـر}}{{lang|fa|ر}}
13fa|زه}}sem|ze}}sem|z}}[z]}} U+0632{{lang|fa|ـز}}{{lang|fa|ز}}
14fa|ژه}}sem|že}}sem|ž}}[ʒ]}} U+0698{{lang|fa|ـژ}}{{lang|fa|ژ}}
15fa|سین}}sem|sin}}sem|s}}[s]}} U+0633{{lang|fa|ـس}}{{lang|fa|ـسـ}}{{lang|fa|سـ}}{{lang|fa|س}}
16fa|شین}}sem|šin}}sem|š}}[ʃ]}} U+0634{{lang|fa|ـش}}{{lang|fa|ـشـ}}{{lang|fa|شـ}}{{lang|fa|ش}}
17fa|صاد}}sem|ṣâd}}sem|ṣ}}[s]}} U+0635{{lang|fa|ـص}}{{lang|fa|ـصـ}}{{lang|fa|صـ}}{{lang|fa|ص}}
18fa|ضاد}}sem|zâd}}sem|z}}[z]}} U+0636{{lang|fa|ـض}}{{lang|fa|ـضـ}}{{lang|fa|ضـ}}{{lang|fa|ض}}
19fa|طا}}sem|tâ}}sem|t}}[t]}} U+0637{{lang|fa|ـط}}{{lang|fa|ـطـ}}{{lang|fa|طـ}}{{lang|fa|ط}}
20fa|ظا}}sem|ẓâ}}sem|ẓ}}[z]}} U+0638{{lang|fa|ـظ}}{{lang|fa|ـظـ}}{{lang|fa|ظـ}}{{lang|fa|ظ}}
21fa|عین}}sem|ʿayn}}sem|ʿ}}[ʔ]}} U+0639{{lang|fa|ـع}}{{lang|fa|ـعـ}}{{lang|fa|عـ}}{{lang|fa|ع}}
22fa|غین}}sem|ġayn}}sem|ġ}}[ɣ]}} U+063A{{lang|fa|ـغ}}{{lang|fa|ـغـ}}{{lang|fa|غـ}}{{lang|fa|غ}}
23fa|فه}}sem|fe}}sem|f}}[f]}} U+0641{{lang|fa|ـف}}{{lang|fa|ـفـ}}{{lang|fa|فـ}}{{lang|fa|ف}}
24fa|قه}}sem|q̈e}}sem|q̈}}[ɣ]}} U+0642{{lang|fa|ـق}}{{lang|fa|ـقـ}}{{lang|fa|قـ}}{{lang|fa|ق}}
25fa|کاف}}sem|kâf}}sem|k}}[k]}} U+06A9{{lang|fa|ـک}}{{lang|fa|ـکـ}}{{lang|fa|کـ}}{{lang|fa|ک}}
26fa|گاف}}sem|gâf}}sem|g}}[ɡ]}} U+06AF{{lang|fa|ـگ}}{{lang|fa|ـگـ}}{{lang|fa|گـ}}{{lang|fa|گ}}
27fa|لام}}sem|lâm}}sem|l}}[l]}} U+0644{{lang|fa|ـل}}{{lang|fa|ـلـ}}{{lang|fa|لـ}}{{lang|fa|ل}}
28fa|میم}}sem|mim}}sem|m}}[m]}} U+0645{{lang|fa|ـم}}{{lang|fa|ـمـ}}{{lang|fa|مـ}}{{lang|fa|م}}
29fa|نون}}sem|nun}}sem|n}}[n]}} U+0646{{lang|fa|ـن}}{{lang|fa|ـنـ}}{{lang|fa|نـ}}{{lang|fa|ن}}
30fa|واو}}sem|vâv}}sem|v}} / {{transl|sem|ū}} / {{transl|sem|ow}} / ({{transl|sem|w}} / {{transl|sem|aw}} / {{transl|sem|ō}} in Dari)[v]}} / {{IPA|[uː]}} / {{IPA|[o]}} / {{IPA|[ow]}} / ({{IPA|[w]}} / {{IPA|[aw]}} / {{IPA|[oː]}} in Dari) U+0648{{lang|fa|ـو}}{{lang|fa|و}}
31fa|هه}}sem|he}} ({{transl|fa|hā-ye havvaz}}, {{transl|fa|hā-ye do-češm}})sem|h}}[h]}} U+0647{{lang|fa|ـه}}{{lang|fa|ـهـ}}{{lang|fa|هـ}}{{lang|fa|ه}}
32fa|یه}}sem|ye}}sem|y}} / {{transl|sem|ī}} / {{transl|sem|á}} / ({{transl|sem|ay}} / {{transl|sem|ē}} in Dari)[j]}} / {{IPA|[i]}} / {{IPA|[ɒː]}} / ({{IPA|[aj]}} / {{IPA|[eː]}} in Dari) U+06CC{{lang|fa|ـی}}{{lang|fa|ـیـ}}{{lang|fa|یـ}}{{lang|fa|ی}}

Letters that do not link to a following letter

Seven letters ({{lang|fa|و}}, {{lang|fa|ژ}}, {{lang|fa|ز}}, {{lang|fa|ر}}, {{lang|fa|ذ}}, {{lang|fa|د}}, {{lang|fa|ا}}) do not connect to a following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter {{lang|fa|ا}} {{transl|fa|alef}} is at the beginning of a word such as {{lang|fa|اینجا}} {{transl|fa|injâ}} ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated {{transl|fa|alef}}. In the case of {{lang|fa|امروز}} {{transl|fa|emruz}} ("today"), the letter {{lang|fa|ر}} {{transl|fa|re}} takes the final form and the letter {{lang|fa|و}} {{transl|fa|vâv}} takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and {{lang|fa|ز}} also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word.

Diacritics

Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics: zebar {{IPAslink|æ}} ({{transl|ar|ALA|fatḥah}} in Arabic), zir {{IPAslink|e}} ({{transl|ar|ALA|kasrah}} in Arabic), and piš {{IPA|/}}{{IPAlink|o}}{{IPA link|u̯}}{{IPA|/}} or {{IPAslink|o}} ({{transl|ar|ALA|ḍammah}} in Arabic, pronounced zamme in Western Persian), tanwīne nasb {{IPA|/æn/}} and šaddah (gemination). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords.

Short vowels

Of the four Arabic short vowels, the Persian language has adopted the following three. The last one, sukūn, is not adopted.

Short vowels
(fully vocalized text)		Name
(in Persian)		Name
(transliterated)		Trans.Value
064E
{{script/Arabic|◌‍َ}}		fa|زبر
(فتحه)}}		fa|zebar}}/{{transl|fa|zibar}}fa|a}}Ir.|Iranian Persian}} {{IPA|/æ/}}; {{abbr|D.|Dari of Afghanistan}} {{IPA|/a/}}
0650
{{script/Arabic|◌‍ِ}}		fa|زیر
(کسره)}}		fa|zer}}/{{transl|fa|zir}}fa|e}}/e/}}
064F
{{script/Arabic|◌‍ُ}}		fa|پیش
(ضمّه)}}		fa|peš}}/{{transl|fa|piš}}fa|o}}/o/}}

In Iranian Persian, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an inflection, when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent alef which carries the short vowel, e.g. {{Lang|fa|اُمید}} (omid, meaning "hope"). In a word that ends with a vowel, letters {{Lang|fa|ع|rtl=yes}}, {{Lang|fa|ه|rtl=yes}} and {{Lang|fa|و}} respectively become the proxy letters for zebar, zir and piš, e.g. نو (now, meaning "new") or بسته (bast-e, meaning "package").

Tanvin (nunation)

{{main article|Nunation}}
Nunation
(fully vocalized text)		Name
(in Persian)		Name
(transliterated)		Notes
064B
{{script/Arabic| َاً، ـاً، ءً }}		fa|تنوین نَصْبْ}}fa|Tanvine nasb}}
064D
{{script/Arabic| ٍِ }}		fa|تنوین جَرْرْ}}fa|Tanvine jarr}}Never used in the Persian language.

Taught in Islamic nations to

complement Quran education.

064C
{{script/Arabic| ٌ }}		fa|تنوین رَفْعْ}}fa|Tanvine rafʔ}}

Tašdid

{{main article|Šadda}}
Nunation
(fully vocalized text)		Name
(in Persian)		Name
(transliteration)
0651
{{script/Arabic| ّ }}		تشدیدfa|tašdid}}

Other characters

The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the {{transl|sem|lâm alef}}. As to {{lang|fa|ﺀ}} (hamza), it has only one graphic since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vâv, ye or alef, and in that case, the seat behaves like an ordinary vâv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamza is not a letter but a diacritic.

Name Pronunciation IPA Unicode Final Medial Initial Stand-alone Notes
sem|alef madde}}sem|â}}[ɒ]}} U+0622{{lang|fa|ـآ}} —{{lang|fa|آ}}{{lang|fa|آ}}The final form is very rare and is freely replaced with ordinary alef.
sem|he ye}}sem|-eye}} or {{transl|sem|-eyeh}}[eje]}} U+06C0{{lang|fa|ـۀ}} — —{{lang|fa|ۀ}}fa|ـه‌ی}} combination instead.
sem|lām alef}}sem|lā}}[lɒ]}} U+0644 (lām) and U+0627 (alef){{lang|fa|ـلا}} — —{{lang|fa|لا}}
sem|kašida}} U+0640 —{{lang|fa|ـ}} — — This is the medial character which connects other characters

Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.

Novel letters

The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet: {{IPAslink|p}}, {{IPAslink|ɡ}}, {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} (ch in chair), {{IPAslink|ʒ}} (s in measure).

Sound Shape Unicode name Unicode code point
p}}{{lang|fa|پ}} pe U+067E
t͡ʃ}} (ch){{lang|fa|چ}} če U+0686
ʒ}} (zh){{lang|fa|ژ}} že U+0698
ɡ}}{{lang|fa|گ}} ge U+06AF

Deviations from the Arabic script

The shapes of the Persian digits four ({{lang|fa|۴}}), five ({{lang|fa|۵}}), and six ({{lang|fa|۶}}) are different from the shapes used in Arabic and the other numbers have different codepoints.[5]

Name Persian Unicode Arabic Unicode
0 ۰ U+06F0 ٠U+0660
1 ۱ U+06F1 ١U+0661
2 ۲ U+06F2 ٢U+0662
3 ۳ U+06F3 ٣U+0663
4 ۴ U+06F4 ٤U+0664
5 ۵ U+06F5 ٥U+0665
6 ۶ U+06F6 ٦U+0666
7 ۷ U+06F7 ٧U+0667
8 ۸ U+06F8 ٨U+0668
9 ۹ U+06F9 ٩U+0669
ye ی U+06CC يU+064A
kāf ک U+06A9 ك U+0643

Word boundaries

Typically, words are separated from each other by a space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the zero-width non-joiner.

See also

  • Scripts used for Persian
  • Persian braille
  • Nastaʿlīq, used to write Persian before the 20th century
  • Abjad numerals
  • Fingilish

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Ira M. Lapidus|title=Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC&pg=PA256#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51441-5|pages=256–}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Ira M. Lapidus|title=A History of Islamic Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3mVUEzm8xMC&pg=PA127#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77933-3|pages=127–}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.persianacademy.ir/fa/vijegidas.aspx|title=ویژگى‌هاى خطّ فارسى| publisher=Academy of Persian Language and Literature}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.persianacademy.ir/UserFiles/Image/Dastoor-e%20khat/d02.pdf |format=PDF |title=?? |publisher=Persianacademy.ir |accessdate=2015-09-05}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/category/Nd/list.htm|title=Unicode Characters in the 'Number, Decimal Digit' Category}}

External links

{{commons category|Persian alphabet}}
  • Dastoore khat - The Official document in Persian by Academy of Persian Language and Literature
{{Persian language}}{{Arabic alphabets}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Perso-Arabic Script}}

5 : Persian alphabets|Arabic alphabets|Persian orthography|Alphabets|Persian scripts
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