词条 | Person-centered therapy |
释义 |
Name = Person-centered therapy | Image = | Caption = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | MeshID = D009629 | OPS301 = | OtherCodes = | HCPCSlevel2 = }}Person-centered therapy, also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy, is a form of psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers beginning in the 1940s[1] and extending into the 1980s.[2] Person-centered therapy seeks to facilitate a client's self-actualizing tendency, "an inbuilt proclivity toward growth and fulfillment",[3] via acceptance (unconditional positive regard), therapist congruence (genuineness), and empathic understanding.[4][5] History and influencesPerson-centered therapy, now considered a founding work in the humanistic school of psychotherapies, began with Carl Rogers,[6]{{rp|138}} and is recognized as one of the major psychotherapy "schools" (theoretical orientations), along with psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, classical Adlerian psychology, cognitive behavioral therapy, existential therapy, and others.[6]{{rp|3}} Rogers affirmed individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect.[6]{{rp|142–143}} This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the behavioral therapies. Living in the present rather than the past or future, with organismic trust, naturalistic faith in one's own thoughts and the accuracy in one's feelings, and a responsible acknowledgment of one's freedom, with a view toward participating fully in our world, contributing to other peoples' lives, are hallmarks of Rogers' person-centered therapy.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Rogers also claimed that the therapeutic process is essentially the accomplishments made by the client. The client having already progressed further along in their growth and maturation development, only progresses further with the aid of a psychologically favored environment.[7] Although client-centered therapy has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship,[6] it has been shown to be an effective treatment.[8][9][10][11] The necessary and sufficient conditionsRogers (1957; 1959) stated that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:[6]{{rp|142–143}}
Core conditionsIt is believed that the most important factor in successful therapy is the relational climate created by the therapist's attitude to their client. The therapist's attitude is defined by the three conditions focused on the therapist, which are often called the core conditions (3,4, and 5 of the six conditions):
ProcessesRogers believed that a therapist who embodies the three critical and reflexive attitudes (the three core conditions) will help liberate their client to more confidently express their true feelings without fear of judgement. To achieve this, the client-centred therapist carefully avoids directly challenging their client's way of communicating themselves in the session in order to enable a deeper exploration of the issues most intimate to them and free from external referencing.[12] Rogers was not prescriptive in telling his clients what to do, but believed that the answers to the clients' questions were within the client and not the therapist. Accordingly, the therapists' role was to create a facilitative, empathic environment wherein the client could discover the answers for him or herself.[13] See also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=Counseling and psychotherapy|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|publisher=Riverside Press|year=1942|isbn=978-1406760873|location=Cambridge, MA|pages=}} 2. ^{{Cite book|contribution=Client-centered psychotherapy|pages=1374–1388|volume=2|contributor-last=Rogers|contributor-first=Carl R.|contributor2-last=Sanford|contributor2-first=R. C.|title=Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry|last=I.|first=Kaplan, Harold|last2=J.|first2=Sadock, Benjamin|year=1985|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780683045116|oclc=491903721}} 3. ^{{Cite book|title=A way of being|contribution=Introduction|page=xi|contributor-last=Yalom|contributor-first=Irvin D.|last=Rogers|first=Carl R. |date=1995|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|isbn=9780395755303|oclc=464424214}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|title=The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change.|year=1957|journal=Journal of Consulting Psychology|volume=21|issue=2|pages=95–103|doi=10.1037/h0045357|pmid=13416422}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title=American handbook of psychiatry|last=Rogers|first=Carl R.|publisher=Basic Books|chapter=Client-centered therapy|year=1966|isbn=|editor-last=Arieti|editor-first=S.|volume=3|location=New York City|pages=183–200}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |author1=Prochaska, James O. |authorlink1=James O. Prochaska |author2=Norcross, John C. |authorlink2=John C. Norcross |title=Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis |year=2007 |location=Belmont, CA |publisher=Thomson/Brooks/Cole |isbn=978-0495007777 |oclc=71366401}} 7. ^Rogers, Carl (1951). Client-Centered Therapy. Cambridge Massachusetts: The Riverside Press. 8. ^Cooper, M., Watson, J. C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. 9. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1383|pmid=11099284|title=Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness|journal=BMJ|volume=321|issue=7273|pages=1383–8|year=2000|last1=Ward|first1=E.|last2=King|first2=M.|last3=Lloyd|first3=M.|last4=Bower|first4=P.|last5=Sibbald|first5=B.|last6=Farrelly|first6=S.|last7=Gabbay|first7=M.|last8=Tarrier|first8=N.|last9=Addington-Hall|first9=J.|pmc=27542}} 10. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.321.7273.1389|pmid=11099285|title=Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness|journal=BMJ|volume=321|issue=7273|pages=1389–92|year=2000|last1=Bower|first1=P.|last2=Byford|first2=S.|last3=Sibbald|first3=B.|last4=Ward|first4=E.|last5=King|first5=M.|last6=Lloyd|first6=M.|last7=Gabbay|first7=M.|pmc=27543}} 11. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.322|title=Cognitive-Behavioral and Humanistic Group Treatment for Children with Learning Disabilities: A Comparison of Outcomes and Process|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|volume=52|issue=3|pages=322|year=2005|last1=Shechtman|first1=Zipora|last2=Pastor|first2=Ronit}} 12. ^"Person-centered therapy" on the Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders website 13. ^{{cite book|author1=Rogers, Carl Ransom |author2=Lyon, Harold C. |author3=Tausch, Reinhard |title=On Becoming an Effective Teacher: Person-centred Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5XbNAEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-81698-4|page=23}} Bibliography
External links{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooks=no|wikititle=person centered therapy}}
1 : Psychotherapy |
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