| 词条 | Brothers of Italy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| colorcode = {{Brothers of Italy/meta/color}} | name = Brothers of Italy | native_name = Fratelli d'Italia | logo = | president = Giorgia Meloni | foundation = {{start date|df=y|2012|12|17}} | split = The People of Freedom | headquarters = Via di San Teodoro, 20 00186 Rome | newspaper = La Gazzetta Tricolore | youth_wing = National Youth | membership_year = 2014 | membership = 50,000[1] | ideology = {{nowrap|National conservatism[2]}} Nationalism[2] Euroscepticism[3][4] Right-wing populism[5] | position = {{nowrap|Right-wing[6][7][8][9] to far-right[10][11][12][13]}} | national = Centre-right coalition | european = Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe | international = None | europarl = European Conservatives and Reformists | colours = {{Color box|{{Brothers of Italy/meta/color}}|border=darkgray}} Blue | seats1_title = Chamber of Deputies | seats1 = {{Composition bar|32|630|hex={{Brothers of Italy/meta/color}}}} | seats2_title = Senate | seats2 = {{Composition bar|18|315|hex={{Brothers of Italy/meta/color}}}} | seats3_title = European Parliament | seats3 = {{Composition bar|2|73|hex={{Brothers of Italy/meta/color}}}} | seats4_title = Regional Presidents | seats4 = {{Composition bar|1|20|hex={{Brothers of Italy/meta/color}}}} | seats5_title = Regional Councils | seats5 = {{Composition bar|34|897|hex={{Brothers of Italy/meta/color}}}} | website = {{URL|http://www.fratelli-italia.it/|www.fratelli-italia.it}} | country = Italy }} Brothers of Italy ({{lang-it|Fratelli d'Italia}}, FdI) is a national-conservative[2] political party in Italy led by Giorgia Meloni. The party, created from a split of The People of Freedom (PdL) in December 2012, is the main heir of the Italian post-fascist conservative tradition that had the Italian Social Movement (1946–1995) and National Alliance (1995–2009) as its main political representatives. National Alliance was merged into the PdL in 2009, but its bulk is now with the FdI. HistoryBackground and foundationIn November 2012, Ignazio La Russa and Maurizio Gasparri, leaders of the Protagonist Right, a faction within The People of Freedom (PdL), announced their support for Angelino Alfano in the party primary scheduled for December.[14] The subsequent cancellation of the primary was not agreed with by La Russa and many others in the party. On 16 December, Giorgia Meloni and Fabio Rampelli, Guido Crosetto and Giuseppe Cossiga organised in Rome the so-called "Primaries of Ideas",[15] in which they openly criticised Silvio Berlusconi's leadership and any possible prospect of an electoral alliance with Prime Minister Mario Monti, proposed by some leading factions of the party (Liberamente, Network Italy, Reformism and Freedom, Liberal Populars, New Italy, FareItalia, etc.).[16][17] On 17 December, La Russa, one of the three PdL national coordinators, announced he was leaving the party in order to form "National Centre-Right", including not just right-wingers, but also Christian democrats and liberals from Forza Italia (FI) like Crosetto and Cossiga.[18] The split from the PdL was agreed with Berlusconi in order to better represent the Italian right and offer an appealing choice to right-wing voters.[19] Simultaneously, Crosetto and Meloni announced the formation of "Brothers of Italy",[20] whose name was taken from the first line of the national anthem. On 21 December the two groups, formed mainly by former members of National Alliance (La Russa, Meloni, Rampelli, Massimo Corsaro, Viviana Beccalossi, Alfredo Mantica, etc.) joined forces as Brothers of Italy – National Centre-Right,[21] usually shortened to "Brothers of Italy" (FdI). La Russa's followers soon formed their own groups in most regional councils, starting with the Regional Council of Lombardy,[22] and the Senate.[23] Carlo Fidanza and Marco Scurria, MEPs in the European People's Party group, also joined the party. 2013 general election and aftermathIn the 2013 general election held in February, the party obtained 2.0% of the vote and nine seats in the Chamber of Deputies.[24] On 5 March 2013 the party's executive board appointed La Russa president, Crosetto coordinator and Meloni leader in the Chamber.[25] During 2013 presidential election's fourth ballot, the FdI decided to support Franco Marini, a Democrat supported also by the PdL and Lega Nord. Following the unsuccessful outcome of the vote, the FdI started voting for colonel Sergio De Caprio,[26] known for having arrested Mafia boss Totò Riina. On 29 April 2013 Meloni announced in the Chamber of Deputies the party's vote of no confidence for Enrico Letta's government of Enrico Letta, supported by the Democrats, the PdL and Civic Choice.[27] The party would stay in opposition for the entire parliamentary term. In the May–June 2013 local elections, the FdI increased its electoral support, especially in Central and Southern Italy.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} In September 2013, the FdI launched "Workshop for Italy" (Officina per l'Italia, OpI), a political initiative aimed at broadening the party's base.[28] The newly formed OpI's political committee, led by Cossiga, included, among others, former minister of Foreign Affairs Giulio Terzi di Sant'Agata, former members of National Alliance (notably including Gianni Alemanno, Mario Landolfi, Sergio Berlato, Adolfo Urso and Souad Sbai), former members of FI (including former Socialists like Giulio Tremonti and Antonio Guidi, and former Christian Democrats like Fabio Garagnani), former members of the Union of the Centre (Magdi Allam and Luciano Ciocchetti), and a former member of Lega Nord (Oreste Rossi).[29] Alemanno's Italy First and Urso's FareItalia were to join the FdI by February 2014.[30][31] The new National AllianceIn December 2013, the "National Alliance Foundation", the association in charge of administering the assets of the defunct party, authorized the FdI, supported by Alemanno and Urso, to use the logo of AN in the 2014 European Parliament election,[32] despite opposition from an alternative front composed of The Right, Future and Freedom, Tricolour Flame, I South, New Alliance, etc.[33] let alone the former members of AN who had joined FI like senators Maurizio Gasparri and Altero Matteoli.[34] In February 2014, the party organised a "primary" in which members and supporters agreed to change the party's name to Brothers of Italy – National Alliance, chose the new symbol (including the former one of AN) and voted Meloni for president.[35] In March, during the party's first congress, the FdI ratified the primary's outcome and declared Meloni president.[36] In the EP election, the FdI obtained 3.7% of the vote and no seats, while doing well in Central and Southern Italy, especially in Lazio (5.6%), Umbria (5.4%), Abruzzo (4.7%) and Campania (4.5%), as well as in north-eastern Friuli-Venezia Giulia (4.4%).[37] In October 2015, during an assembly of the Foundation, the representatives of the FdI, supported by former AN heavyweights who had remained in the PdL, won a decisive vote over a front led by Alemanno, who had left the FdI earlier, joined forces with former allies of Gianfranco Fini and wanted to form a larger party (including the FdI). The FdI thus retained the use of AN's name and symbol, while Alemanno announced that he would create a "Movement for the United Right".[38][39] Road to the 2018 general electionIn November 2015, it was announced that the party would undergo a new process of enlargement and that a new party, named Our Land (TN), would be launched by January 2016. TN would comprise the FdI, along with other right-wing politicians, notably including Alberto Giorgetti (a deputy of FI, who was long a member of AN), Giuseppe Cossiga (former deputy of FI and founding member of the FdI) and Walter Rizzetto (deputy of Free Alternative, originally elected with the Five Star Movement).[40][41][42] In March 2016 Rizzetto officially joined the FdI and, contextually, it was announced that the party's group in the Chamber would be renamed "Brothers of Italy–Our Land".[43][44][45] The name change never happened, but the party's enlargement continued with the switch of two deputies from FI.[46] In the 2016 municipal election in Rome, Meloni ran for mayor with the support of Us with Salvini, but in opposition to the candidate supported by FI. Meloni won 20.6% of the vote, almost twice than FI's candidate, but did not qualify for the run-off, while the FdI obtained a convincing 12.3%.[47] In the November 2017, Sicilian regional election Nello Musumeci, a conservative close to the party, was elected President of Sicily. In December 2017, during the party's second congress, Meloni was re-elected president, the party was re-named simply Brothers of Italy and a new symbol was unveiled. In the event, the FdI welcomed several newcomers, notably including Daniela Santanchè and Bruno Mancuso, respectively from FI and Popular Alternative (AP).[48][49][50][51] Mancuso became the party's third senator, after Stefano Bertacco[52] and Bartolomeo Amidei[53] had switched from FI in the previous months. Additionally, Crosetto and Urso returned to an active role in the party.[54] Finally, Alessandro Urzì took his Alto Adige in the Heart party into the FdI.[55] 2018 general election and aftermathIn the 2018 general election the FdI obtained 4.4% of the vote and more than thrice the seats won in 2013. In November 2018, in the run-up of the next European Parliament election, the party agreed to join the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group in the European Parliament,[56][57] opening the way for a pact with other minor conservative parties in Italy, notably including Raffaele Fitto's Direction Italy.[58][59] In February 2019, Marco Marsilio won 48.0% of the vote in the Abruzzo regional election and became FdI's first president of region.[60] Ideology and factionsThe FdI traces its roots in the history and values of the Italian Social Movement and National Alliance.[61][62] The party's main ideological trends are Italian nationalism and conservatism, and its ideology includes also a Eurosceptic sentiment (mainly against the treaty of Lisbon).[63] The FdI has included several internal factions, notably including:
Alemanno and Poli Bortone left the FdI, along with their factions, in December 2014 and April 2015, respectively. Election resultsItalian Parliament
European Parliament
Regional Councils
Leadership
SymbolsElectoral symbolsExternal links
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Cronaca - Messaggero Veneto |website=Messaggeroveneto.gelocal.it |date=23 March 2016 |accessdate=2016-05-14}} 45. ^{{cite web|url=http://video.corriere.it/meloni-oggi-fratelli-d-italia-si-arricchisce-l-ingresso-walter-rizzetto-ex-m5s/3b46a2e8-f020-11e5-b1a2-f236e4ccb109 |title=Meloni: "Oggi Fratelli D'Italia si arricchisce con l'ingresso di Walter Rizzetto, ex M5s" |website=Corriere TV|date= |accessdate=2016-05-14}} 46. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.camera.it/leg17/217?idlegislatura=17&idGruppo=1929&idGruppoMisto=&tipoVis=|title=XVII Legislatura - XVII Legislatura - Deputati e Organi Parlamentari - Composizione gruppi Parlamentari|website=www.camera.it}} 47. ^Elezioni Comunali 5 giugno 2016 repubblica.it 48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/17_dicembre_03/fratelli-d-italia-via-an-msi-simbolo-entra-santanche-tornata-casa-mia-f3f3ad3c-d81c-11e7-83d0-5335217d8231.shtml|title=Fratelli d'Italia: via An e Msi dal simbolo. Entra Santanchè: "Tornata a casa mia"|first=Franco|last=Stefanoni|date=12 March 2017|website=Corriere della Sera}} 49. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2017/12/nel-dibattito-del-secondo-giorno-di-congresso-riaffermate-le-tesi-dei-patrioti/|title=Nel dibattito del secondo giorno di Congresso riaffermate le tesi dei patrioti|date=3 December 2017|website=Secolo d'Italia}} 50. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/2017/12/03/daniela-santanche-cambia-ancora-casacca-sono-tornata-a-casa-nella-famiglia-di-fratelli-ditalia_a_23295435/|title=La Santanché cambia ancora casacca: "Sono tornata a casa, nella famiglia di Fratelli d'Italia"|date=3 December 2017|website=L’Huffington Post}} 51. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.oggimilazzo.it/2017/12/04/delegazione-messinese-al-congresso-di-fratelli-ditalia-aderisce-il-senatore-mancuso/|title=Delegazione messinese al congresso di Fratelli d'Italia, aderisce il senatore Mancuso|date=4 December 2017}} 52. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.larena.it/permanent-link/1.5870870|title=Bertacco "torna a casa": entra in Fratelli d'Italia|first=Società Editrice Athesis|last=S.p.A|website=L'Arena.it}} 53. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.affaritaliani.it/politica/il-senatore-amidei-passa-con-fdi-video-508828.html|title=Il senatore Amidei passa con Fdi. Video|website=Affaritaliani.it}} 54. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/politica/13287098/guido-crosetto-fratelli-d-italia-giorgia-meloni-daniela-santanche.html|title=Non soltanto la Santanchè. Meloni, un altro colpo clamoroso: quale super-big va con lei / Foto|website=www.liberoquotidiano.it}} 55. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavocedeltrentino.it/2017/12/04/fratelli-ditalia-simbolo-rinforzamento-del-partito-trentino/|title=Fratelli d'Italia: nuovo simbolo e rinforzamento del Partito in Trentino|date=4 December 2017}} 56. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/giorgia-meloni-si-unisce-gruppo-conservatori-e-riformisti-1598109.html|title=Ora la Meloni porta FdI nel gruppo Ue guidato dai polacchi di Visegrad|first=Giovanna|last=Pavesi|website=ilGiornale.it}} 57. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.secoloditalia.it/2018/11/meloni-con-i-conservatori-per-cambiare-la-ue-pronta-a-candidarmi/|title=Meloni: "Con i Conservatori per cambiare la Ue. Pronta a candidarmi" (video)|date=6 November 2018|website=Secolo d'Italia}} 58. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/europa/notizie/rubriche/altrenews/2018/11/06/fitto-ecr-con-meloni-verso-gruppo-sovranista-italiano_4a55a574-020c-45f6-8b6e-c5985b42e6cc.html|title=Fitto (Ecr), con Meloni verso gruppo sovranista italiano - Altre news - ANSA Europa|date=6 November 2018|website=ANSA.it}} 59. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.affaritaliani.it/puglia/centrodestra-la-marcia-di-avvicinamento-tra-raffaele-fitto-e-giorgia-meloni-571022.html|title=Centrodestra, la marcia di avvicinamento tra Raffaele Fitto e Giorgia Meloni|website=Affaritaliani.it}} 60. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2019/02/10/news/elezioni_abruzzo_risultati_marsilio_legnini_marcozzi_regionali-218826481/|title=Elezioni Abruzzo, i risultati: vince il centrodestra, Marsilio governatore. Lega primo partito, crollo M5s|date=10 February 2019|website=Repubblica.it}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imille.org/2014/03/fratelli-coltelli-ditaliail-nuovo-corso-della-destra-tra-provincialismo-veleni/|title=Fratelli d'Italia: dova va la destra italiana|publisher=i Mille|date=24 March 2014|access-date=2014-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044441/http://www.imille.org/2014/03/fratelli-coltelli-ditaliail-nuovo-corso-della-destra-tra-provincialismo-veleni/#|archive-date=2014-09-24|dead-url=yes|df=}} 62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/politica/2014/notizia/fratelli-d-italia-riaccende-la-fiamma-nel-nuovo-logo-i-simboli-di-msi-e-an_2029374.shtml|title=Fratelli d'Italia riaccende la "fiamma". Nel nuovo logo i simboli di Msi e An|publisher=TGcom24|date=16 February 2014}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/interni/fratelli-ditalia-attacca-ci-vuole-coraggio-dire-addio-999950.html|title=Fratelli d'Italia attacca: "Ci vuole il coraggio di dire addio all'euro"|publisher=il Giornale|date=9 March 2014}} 12 : Political parties in Italy|Eurosceptic parties in Italy|2012 establishments in Italy|Political parties established in 2012|Conservative parties in Italy|Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe member parties|European Conservatives and Reformists member parties|Nationalist parties in Italy|National conservative parties|Opposition to Islam in Italy|Right-wing parties|Right-wing populist parties |
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