| 释义 |
- Description
- Distribution and habitat
- Medicinal use
- References
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rhus javanica - Miyajima Natural Botanical Garden - DSC02341.JPG
| image_caption =
| genus = Brucea
| species = javanica
| authority = (L.) Merr.[[2]]
| synonyms =- Ailanthus gracilis {{Au|Salisb.}}
- Brucea amarissima {{Au|Desv. ex Gomes}}
- Brucea glabrata {{Au|Decne.}}
- Brucea gracilis {{Au| (Salisb.) DC.}}
- Brucea sumatrana {{Au|Roxb.}}
- Brucea sumatrensis {{Au|Spreng.}}
- Gonus amarissimus {{Au|Lour.}}
- Rhus javanica {{Au| L.}}
| synonyms_ref =
}}Brucea javanica (also known as Macassar kernels)[4] is a shrub in the family Simaroubaceae. The specific epithet {{lang|la|javanica}} is from the Latin, meaning "of Java".[5] Other common names in English include Java brucea and kosam.[6]DescriptionBrucea javanica grows up as a shrub or small tree to {{convert|5|m|-1}} tall. The tiny flowers (1.5--2 mm in diameter) are greenish white to greenish red or purple and occur in panicles.[5] There are separate male and female flowers on each shrub, making it a monoecious species. The flower anthers are typically red.[4] It typically flowers in June and July and sets fruit in July and August.[9] Each fruit, which are a drupe, measures up to {{convert|0.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} long.[5] When ripe they are a black-gray color that becomes wrinkled when dry. The seed is whitish yellow and covered with an oily membrane. It has compound leaves with typically 7--9 (but range from 3--15) ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaflets with serrate margins.[9] Each leaflet is 20–40 cm long at maturity and comes to a point at the apex. The leaves are covered with fine hairs that are most prominent at the veins and on the undersides of the leaves. All parts of the plant are intensely bitter.[9]Distribution and habitatBrucea javanica grows naturally from Sri Lanka and India to China, Indochina, Malesia, New Guinea and Australia.[2][5] Its habitat includes open areas, secondary forest and sometimes sand dunes.[5] In Australia it grows as an understory tree from sea-level to {{convert|500|m|-2}} altitude.[4]Medicinal useThe fruit Brucea javanica was first written about as medicine in the Chinese medical monograph Omissions from the Grand Materia Medica, written in 1765.[17] It contains quassinoid compounds called bruceolides that are anticancer and antiparasitic.[18][19] It is traditionally used to treat dysentery and malaria, though no clinical trials have been published confirming efficacy for these conditions despite test tube studies repeatedly showing anti-malarial activity.[20][21] An injectable oil emulsion form of the plant has been studied in China in controlled trials for treating lung cancer patients combined with chemotherapy, with promising results.[22] More high-quality trials are needed to confirm this use. References1. ^1 {{cite book | last1 = Bensky | first1 = Dan|last2 = Clavey|first2=Steven|last3=Stöger|first3=Erich|last4=Gamble|first4=Andrew |date = 2004 | title = Chinese Herbal Medicine Materia Medica | edition = 3rd | publisher = Eastland Press | isbn = 0-939616-42-4 }}
2. ^1 {{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=MW |last2=Chen |first2=R|last3=Wang |first3=SP|last4=Tan |first4=W| display-authors=etal |date=2013 |title=Chemical components, pharmacological properties, and nanoparticulate delivery systems of Brucea javanica |journal= Int J Nanomed |volume=8 |pages=85–92 |pmc=3540955 |pmid=23319860 |doi=10.2147/IJN.S31636}}
3. ^1 {{cite book | last1 = Quattrocchi | first1 = Umberto |date = 1999 | title = CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology | volume = 1 | pages = 362 | publisher = CRC Press | isbn = 978-0-849326-73-8}}
4. ^1 2 {{GRIN | accessdate = 20 March 2015 }}
5. ^1 {{cite journal |last= Kefe |first=A |last2=Giday |first2=M |last3=Mamo|first3=H|last4=Erko|first4=B|date=2016 |title=Antimalarial properties of crude extracts of seeds of Brucea antidysenterica and leaves of Ocimum lamiifolium |journal= BMC Complement Altern Med |volume=16 |pages=118 |doi=10.1186/s12906-016-1098-9 |pmid=27075995 |pmc=4831165}}
6. ^1 {{cite journal |last= Nie |first=YL |last2=Liu |first2=KX |last3=Mao|first3=XY|last4=Li|first4=YL|last5=Li|first5=J|last6=Zhang|first6=MMdate=2012 |title=Effect of injection of brucea javanica oil emulsion plus chemoradiotherapy for lung cancer: a review of clinical evidence |journal= J Evid Based Med |volume=5|issue=4 |pages=216–225 |doi=10.1111/jebm.12001}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book | last1 = Kulip | first1 = Julius | last2 = Wong | first2 = K. M. | date = 1995 | contribution = Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. | contribution-url = http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/backup/TFSSvol1_3.pdf | editor1-last = Soepadmo | editor1-first = E. | editor2-last = Wong | editor2-first = K. M. | title = Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak | volume = 1 | pages = 429, 431 | publisher = Forest Research Institute Malaysia | isbn = 983-9592-34-3 | url = http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Resources/Publications/Books/Floras/Tree-Flora-of-Sabah-and-Sarawak.aspx | version = (free online from the publisher, lesser resolution scan PDF versions) | accessdate = 20 March 2015 }}
8. ^1 2 3 {{RFK6.1 | url = http://keys.trin.org.au/key-server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/Html/taxon/Brucea_javanica.htm | name = Brucea javanica | accessdate = 20 March 2015 }}
9. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=MF |editor-last=Bajaj |editor-first=YPS |title=Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants VI |publisher=Springer Verlag |date=1994 |pages=21–45 |volume = 26 }}
10. ^1 {{cite book |title=WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants|volume =1 |publisher=World Health Organization |date=1999 |url = http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2200e/8.html#Js2200e.8}}
11. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012489| title = Brucea javanica (Linnaeus) Merrill, J. Arnold Arbor. 9: 3. 1928. | work = Flora of China | publisher = Missouri Botanical Garden | accessdate = 20 September 2016}}
}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q7691623}} 6 : Brucea|Flora of tropical Asia|Flora of China|Flora of Taiwan|Flora of Australia|Plants described in 1753 |