| 词条 | Bruce Jessen |
| 释义 |
CareerA United States Air Force retiree, Jessen, along with James Mitchell, was hired in 2002 by the Central Intelligence Agency to design the so-called "enhanced interrogation techniques" program.[4][5] The objectives of the program were not merely to obtain intelligence, but to also break down detainees in order to get them to be compliant and submissive to authority.[6] In 2005, Jessen and Mitchell formed a company called Mitchell Jessen and Associates, with offices in Spokane and Virginia.[7] On October 15, 2012, Jessen was sustained as bishop of the Spokane 6th Ward of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[8] He resigned as bishop one week later.[9] CIA assessment on efficacy of EITsOn request by the National Security Advisor Susan Rice in 2015, the CIA compiled a summary of key intelligence collected after the application of (unspecified) interrogation techniques. In detail the memorandum lists intelligence related to the following topics: The Karachi Plot, The Heathrow Plot, The "Second Wave," The Guraba Cell, Issa al-Hindi, Abu Talha al-Pakistani, Hambali's Capture, Jafaar al-Tayyar, Dirty Bomb Plot, Shoe bomber, and Sh(a)kai (Pakistan). The CIA concludes that the enhanced interrogation techniques were instrumental in preventing Islamic terrorists from launching a spectacular attack against western targets after 9/11.[10] Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture{{main|Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture}}On December 9, 2014 the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence released a report confirming the use of torture and SERE tactics in interrogations.[11] The contractors that developed the "enhanced interrogation techniques" received {{USD}}81 million for their services, out of an original contract worth more than {{USD}}180 million. NBC News identified the contractors, who were referred to in the report via pseudonyms, as Mitchell, Jessen & Associates from Spokane, Washington, which was run by two psychologists, John "Bruce" Jessen and James Mitchell. The report states that the contractor "developed the list of enhanced interrogation techniques and personally conducted interrogations of some of the CIA's most significant detainees using those techniques. The contractors also evaluated whether the detainees' psychological state allowed for continued use of the techniques, even for some detainees they themselves were interrogating or had interrogated." Mitchell, Jessen & Associates developed a "menu" of 20 enhanced techniques including waterboarding, sleep deprivation, and stress positions. John Rizzo, CIA acting general counsel, described in his book Company Man, that the techniques were "sadistic and terrifying."[12] LawsuitIn 2014, The New York Times Editorial board called for the investigation and prosecution of Mitchell and Jessen for their role in developing the torture practices used by the CIA.[13] In 2015, Human Rights Watch called for the prosecution of Jessen "for [his] alleged direct participation in torture, often applied in ways beyond how it was authorized, but also for [his] role in the initial conspiracy to torture as well."[14] On October 13, 2015 the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit against James Mitchell and Bruce Jessen on behalf of Mohamed Ahmed Ben Soud, Suleiman Abdullah Salim, and the estate of Gul Rahman, three former detainees who were subjected to the interrogation methods they designed.[15] The suit alleges that the defendants' conduct constituted torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment; non-consensual human experimentation; and war crimes – "all of which are violations of 'specific, universal, and obligatory' international law norms, as evidenced by numerous binding international treaties, declarations, and other international law instruments".[16] A trial was set for June 2017.[17] On July 28, 2017, U.S. District Judge Justin Lowe Quackenbush denied both parties motions for summary judgment, noted that the defendants are indemnified by the United States government, and encouraged the attorneys to reach a settlement before trial.[18] A settlement was reached in August 2017.[19] See also
References1. ^U.S. Public Records Index, Vols. 1 & 2 (Provo, UT: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.), 2010. 2. ^Roger Aldrich, the Al Qaeda Manual, and the Origins of Mitchell-Jessen, American Torture August 25, 2009 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/cia-torture-report/flat-wrong-big-bucks-torture-teacher-slams-cia-report-n265656|title='Flat Wrong': Big-Bucks Torture Teacher Slams CIA Report - NBC News|publisher=}} 4. ^{{cite news |first= Scott|last= Shane|authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Interrogation Inc. - 2 U.S. Architects of Harsh Tactics in 9/11's Wake |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/us/12psychs.html?em |quote= |work=New York Times |date=August 11, 2009 |accessdate=2009-08-12 }} 5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://armed-services.senate.gov/Publications/Detainee%20Report%20Final_April%2022%202009.pdf# |title=Report of the Committee on Armed Services United States Senate – Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody April 22, 2009 |access-date=2011-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429200942/http://armed-services.senate.gov/Publications/Detainee%20Report%20Final_April%2022%202009.pdf# |archive-date=2009-04-29 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://pubrecord.org/multimedia/9123/jason-leopold-interviews-former/|title=Jason Leopold Interviews Former SERE Instructor Capt. Michael Kearns About The Bush Administration's Torture Program - The Public Record|publisher=}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/4/21/the_story_of_mitchell_jessen_associates|title=The Story of Mitchell Jessen & Associates: How a Psychologists Helped Develop CIA Torture Techniques|publisher=}} 8. ^{{citation |url= http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2012/oct/18/church-appointee-aided-cia-on-terror/ |title= Mormon church appointee aided CIA on terror |first= Jim |last= Camden |date= October 18, 2012 |newspaper= The Spokesman-Review }} 9. ^{{citation |url= http://www.religiondispatches.org/dispatches/joannabrooks/6539/does_romney%E2%80%99s_religion_condone_torture/ |title= Does Romney's Religion Condone Torture? |first= Joanna |last= Brooks |authorlink= Joanna Brooks |date= October 23, 2012 |journal= Religion Dispatches }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/document/6541535 | title= Effectiveness of the CIA counterterrorist interrogation techniques|publisher=CIA| date=13 June 2016}} 11. ^United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/09/world/cia-torture-report-document.html "The Senate Committee's Report on the C.I.A.'s Use of Torture"] December 9, 2014. 12. ^{{cite web |last1=Windrem |first1=Robert |title=CIA Paid Torture Teachers More Than $80 Million |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/cia-torture-report/cia-paid-torture-teachers-more-80-million-n264756 |accessdate=9 December 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209231909/http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/cia-torture-report/cia-paid-torture-teachers-more-80-million-n264756|archivedate=9 December 2014}} 13. ^{{cite news |author= |title=Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/opinion/prosecute-torturers-and-their-bosses.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=2014-12-21 |access-date=2015-04-17 }} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/283564 |title=No More Excuses: A Roadmap to Justice for CIA Torture |author= |date= |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2015-12-02 }} 15. ^{{cite news |first=Jenna |last=McLaughlin |title=Former U.S. Detainees Sue Psychologists Responsible For CIA Torture Program |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/10/13/former-u-s-detainees-sue-psychologists-responsible-for-cia-torture-program/ |work=Intercept |date=October 13, 2015 |accessdate=March 30, 2016}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Salim v. Mitchell - Complaint |url=https://www.aclu.org/legal-document/salim-v-mitchell-complaint |date=October 15, 2015}} 17. ^{{cite news |title=Judge hints at trial for harsh interrogation suit |author=Nicholas Geranios |url=http://registerguard.com/rg/news/local/35195416-75/judge-hints-at-trial-for-harsh-interrogation-suit.html.csp |newspaper=The Register-Guard |date=January 20, 2017 |accessdate=January 20, 2017 |agency=Associated Press}} 18. ^{{cite news|last1=Fink|first1=Sheri|title=2 Psychologists in C.I.A. Interrogations Can Face Trial, Judge Rules|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/28/us/cia-interrogations-torture-psychologists.html|accessdate=29 July 2017|work=The New York Times|date=29 July 2017|page=A18}} 19. ^{{cite news|last1=Fink|first1=Sheri|title=2 Settlement Reached in C.I.A. Torture Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/17/us/cia-torture-lawsuit-settlement.html|accessdate=13 March 2018|work=The New York Times|date=17 August 2017|page=A12}} External links{{commonscatinline}}
5 : American psychologists|Living people|Torture in the United States|Psychological torture techniques|1949 births |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。