| 词条 | Pessary |
| 释义 |
A pessary is a prosthetic device inserted into the vagina to reduce the protrusion of pelvic structures into the vagina. It can be a route of administration of medication and provides a slow and consistent release of the medication. Pessaries are of varying shapes and sizes. They may cause vaginal ulceration if they are not correctly sized and routinely cleansed. Depending on locale, pessaries can be fitted by health care practitioners; in some countries, pessaries may be available over the counter.[1] The term is derived from {{lang-grc|πεσσάριον|pessárion}}, "a piece of medication-soaked wool/lint, inserted into the vagina."[2] Pessaries are mentioned in the oldest surviving copy of the Hippocratic Oath as something that physicians should never administer for the purposes of an abortion: "Similarly I will not give to a woman a pessary to cause abortion."[3] Types of pessariesTherapeutic pessariesA therapeutic pessary is a medical device similar to the outer ring of a diaphragm. Therapeutic pessaries are used to support the uterus, vagina, bladder, or rectum. Pessaries are a treatment option for pelvic organ prolapse.[4] A pessary is most commonly used to treat prolapse of the uterus. It is also used to treat stress urinary incontinence, a retroverted uterus, cystocele and rectocele. Historically, pessaries may have also been used to perform abortions. The Cerclage Pessary is used to treat pregnant women with cervical incompetence in order to support the cervix and turn it backward towards the sacrum. It may be indicated in pregnancies with a history of premature labor, multiple pregnancies or mothers who are exposed to physical strain (e.g. standing for a long time). It may also be indicated in pregnant women suffering from prolapse of the genital organs.[5] The pessary can be placed temporarily or permanently, and must be fitted by a physician, physician assistant, midwife, or advanced practice nurse. Some pessaries can be worn during intercourse. Pharmaceutical pessariesA pharmaceutical pessary is used as a very effective means of delivery of pharmaceutical substances easily absorbed through the skin of the vagina,{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} or intended to have action in the locality, for example against inflammation or yeast infection, or on the uterus. According to Pliny the Elder, Pessaries were used as birth control in ancient times.[6] Occlusive pessaries{{Main|Cervical cap}}{{See also|womb veil}}An occlusive pessary is generally used in combination with spermicide as a contraceptive. Stem pessaryThe stem pessary, a type of occlusive pessary, was an early form of the cervical cap. Shaped like a dome, it covered the cervix, and a central rod or "stem" entered the uterus through the os, to hold it in place.[7] General side effectsSide effects that are shared among most different types of pessaries include: risks of increased vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation, ulceration, bleeding, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse for the male or female). See also
References1. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/pelvic-relaxation-syndromes/cystoceles,-urethroceles,-enteroceles,-and-rectoceles|title=Cystoceles, Urethroceles, Enteroceles, and Rectoceles - Gynecology and Obstetrics - Merck Manuals Professional Edition|work=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=2017-12-29|language=en-US}} {{Dosage forms|state=expanded}}Pessarium2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/pessary|title=Pessary - Define Pessary at Dictionary.com|author=|date=|website=dictionary.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}} 3. ^Hippocrates of Cos (1923). "The Oath". Loeb Classical Library. 147: 298–299. doi:10.4159/DLCL.hippocrates_cos-oath.1923. retrieved 18 September 2018 4. ^{{Citation |author1 = American Urogynecologic Society|author1-link = American Urogynecologic Society |date = May 5, 2015 |title = Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question |publisher = American Urogynecologic Society |work = Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation |page = |url = http://www.choosingwisely.org/societies/american-urogynecologic-society/ |accessdate = June 1, 2015}}, which cites: * {{cite journal|last1=Culligan|first1=PJ|title=Nonsurgical management of pelvic organ prolapse.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=April 2012|volume=119|issue=4|pages=852–60|pmid=22433350|doi=10.1097/aog.0b013e31824c0806}}#*{{cite journal|last1=ACOG Committee on Practice|first1=Bulletins--Gynecology|title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 85: Pelvic organ prolapse.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology|date=September 2007|volume=110|issue=3|pages=717–29|pmid=17766624|doi=10.1097/01.aog.0000263925.97887.72}}. 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dr-arabin.de/e/cerclage.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324025247/http://www.dr-arabin.de/e/cerclage.html |archivedate=2016-03-24 |df= }} 6. ^www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+22.49&redirect=true 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.phisick.com/a4pessaluminium.htm|title=Contraceptive Stem Pessary in Aluminium - Phisick - Medical Antiques|author=|date=|website=www.phisick.com|accessdate=9 April 2018}} 5 : Dosage forms|Drug delivery devices|Implants (medicine)|Medical equipment|Vagina |
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