“Peter Force”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Peter Force was born near the Passaic Falls in New Jersey, to William, a soldier in the Revolutionary War and descendant of French Huguenots who arrived on America's shores in the 17th century, and Sarah Force (née Ferguson), Force grew up New Paltz, Ulster County, New York, and afterward moved to New York City, where he was schooled in the printing trade. In 1812, Force became a member of the New York Typographical Society which was the city's printer trade union at the time. He was elected the president of the society from 1812–1815.^[2]

During the War of 1812, Force served in the army and rose to the rank of lieutenant. In 1815, he moved to Washington, D.C. and worked for William A. Davis the public printer as the foreman in the congressional printing plant. In the same year, he became a member of the Columbia Typographical Society.^[3] Early in his career in Washington, he attracted the attention of distinguished statesmen and was a leading character in the city throughout his life. After a few years, Davis took him in as a partner in his printing business, and when the partnership ended, Force formed his own new partnerships.^[4]

On August 22, 1822, Force was granted US Patent 3573X for a method of color printing. He also founded, published, and wrote in the National Journal (1823–1830) and would later donate a stone to the Washington Monument.^[4] After vigorously supporting John Quincy Adams' election to the United States presidential election of 1824, he served locally as councilman and alderman. He was elected mayor of Washington in 1836 and 1838, but defeated in 1848, all as a member of the Whig Party.

Historian – Published works

His greatest achievement came as a collector and editor of historical documents. He published Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America (4 vol Washington, 1836–1846), which comprised rare pamphlets. His American Archives^[5] was a collection of the most important documents of the American Revolution, 1774–1776. Twenty large folio volumes were planned but only the first 9 volumes were published between 1837 and 1853. Force's lifelong desire to contribute to the American national library finally came to fruition in 1867 when Congress purchased his collection of original documents for $100,000, augmenting the expansion of the Library of Congress conducted by Ainsworth Rand Spofford, who directed the Library from 1865 to 1897.

Societies

During the 1820s, Force was a member of the prestigious society, Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences and served as the president.^[6]^[4] He was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1851.^[7]

Later life

Force died January 23, 1868 at the age of 77. His son, Manning Force, was an officer during the American Civil War.

Burial and Honors

Peter Force, alongside his wife, is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery, Force's grave marker was designed by German sculptor Jacques Jouvenal. It is a marble obelisk that stands 16 feet high and rests on top of a square base. A relief is carved into the obelisk of a bookshelf filled with books. The District opened the Peter Force School in 1879 on the south side of Massachusetts Avenue between 17th and 18th, which was named in his honor. It was razed in 1962.

Bibliography

References

1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgULOzNSafMC|title=Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington|last=|first=|date=1899|publisher=The Society|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=219-233|language=en}}
2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bhc9AAAAYAAJ|title=New York Typographical Union No. 6: Study of a Modern Trade Union and Its Predecessors|last=Stevens|first=George A.|date=1913|publisher=State Department of Labor|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=95|language=en}}
3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bhc9AAAAYAAJ|title=New York Typographical Union No. 6: Study of a Modern Trade Union and Its Predecessors|last=Stevens|first=George A.|date=1913|publisher=State Department of Labor|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=96|language=en}}
4. ^¹²{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bhc9AAAAYAAJ|title=New York Typographical Union No. 6: Study of a Modern Trade Union and Its Predecessors|last=Stevens|first=George A.|date=1913|publisher=State Department of Labor|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=97|language=en}}
5. ^[https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/AmArch/contents.html] Consisting of a collection of authentick records, state papers, debates, and letters and other notices of publick affairs, the whole forming a documentary history of the origin and progress of the North American colonies; VOLS I-V M. St. Clair Clarke and Peter Force, 1837–44., 1837
6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MY-5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA118&lpg=PA118&dq=%22columbian+institute%22&source=bl&ots=norHpKppMQ&sig=Xn1668nfr6y_EhAJVYUcGRBN1pk&hl=en&ei=3jAeTM3mAYHcMaqrjfUM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CCcQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=%22columbian%20institute%22&f=false |title=The Columbian institute for the promotion of arts and sciences: A Washington Society of 1816-1838. |first=Richard |last=Rathbun |accessdate=2010-06-20|work=|publisher=Bulletin of the United States National Museum, October 18, 1917}}
7. ^American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
8. ^{{cite web | author=Michael Richman | year=c. 1968| title=Force Memorial, (sculpture) | work=Inventories of American Painting and Sculpture | publisher=American Art Museum | url=http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siartinventories&uri=full=3100001~!377970~!0#focus | accessdate= 19 December 2010}}