“Bulgarian Folk Songs”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The two brothers were interested in Bulgarian folklore. This inspired them to compile the collection. Dimitar was the first one to start collecting songs. Vasil Cholakov assisted K. Miladinov, providing him with songs, and taking a direct part in transcribing the songs taken down by the Miladinov brothers, in preparing for publishing their collection.^[6] The songs from the Sofia District were supplied by the Sofia schoolmaster Sava Filaretov. Those from Panagyurishte area, were recorded by Marin Drinov and Nesho Bonchev. Rayko Zhinzifov, who went to Russia with the help of D. Miladinov, was another collaborator. In 1860 Konstantin addressed Croatian Bishop Joseph Strossmayer who sympathized with the Bulgarian people, with an appeal to publish the collection. It was published in Zagreb in 1861,. The book represents an anthology of 660 folk songs, but also folk legends, traditions, rituals, names, riddles, and proverbs.^[7]

The collecting was highly assessed by its contemporaries - Lyuben Karavelov, Nesho Bonchev, Ivan Bogorov, Kuzman Shapkarev, Rayko Zhinzifov and others. The Russian scholar Izmail Sreznevsky pointed out in 1863 that the Bulgarians are far from lagging behind other peoples in poetic abilities. Elias Riggs, an American linguist in Constantinople, translated some songs into English and sent them to the American Oriental Society in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1862, Riggs wrote the collection presents an interesting picture of the traditions and fancies prevailing among the mass of the Bulgarian people. The collection compiled by the Miladinov brothers also played a great role in the development of the modern Bulgarian literature.^[8]^[9]

The Miladinov Brothers Collection has been published many times in Bulgaria. The second edition came out in 1891, already in Bulgarian Principality. The third one was released in 1942, the fifth, in 1961, etc.

Macedonain controversy

In postwar Yugoslav Macedonia the collection was published in 1962 and in 1983 in Skopje under the title "The Collection of the Miladinov Brothers".^[10] The reference to Macedonia as Western Bulgaria in the foreword was removed. The Brothers called Macedonia often Western Bulgaria, because they disliked the first name as too Hellenic term.^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] Every references to Bulgarian and Bulgarians were replaced with Macedonian and Macedonians. However, after the fall of Communism in 1999, Dimitar Dimitrov, a Bulgarophile and minister of culture, provoked a series of public scandals that resulted finally in his dismissal. Under his auspices the collection of the Miladinov brothers, was reissued under its original title, which caused serious protests of Macedonian historians.^[16] As result the Macedonian State Archive displayed a photocopy of the book in cooperation with the Soros Foundation and the text on the cover was simply "Folk Songs", the upper part of the page showing "Bulgarian" has been cut off.

Macedonian researchers claim allegedly the Eastern Bulgarian songs were actually bought out from Cholakov upon Strossmayer’s insistence. In this way “Bulgarian" designation appeared shortly prior to the book’s publication. Cholakov also specified Konstantin Miladinov's 100-forint debt. It was the exact sum Cholakov demanded for a dispatch of 100 Eastern Bulgarian songs and an authorization to Miladinovs to attach the “Bulgarian” ethnonym thereto. In fact, Miladinovs don't need authorisation and their idea was to have songs from all Bulgarian lands, not only from Western Bulgaria, as they called Macedonia and because of that, they aspired to these Eastern Bulgarian songs.^[17] Macedonian scientists insist also, the collection is as an example of literature written in Macedonian language,^[18] and it was published under this title because its authors were forced to use Bulgarian language.^[19] However at that time, there were no standardized Bulgarian or Macedonian languages with which to conform,^[20] and Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs called themselves Bulgarians^[21] and worked together to create a common literary standard, called Bulgarian.^[22]^[23]

See also

Notes

1. ^"...But I implore you to publish the foreword I sent you in your newspaper, adding a word or two about the songs and especially about the Western Bulgarians in Macedonia..."
2. ^{{cite book |author=Dimitriya and Konstantin Miladinov|year= 1861|title= Bulgarian Folk Songs (original edition)|url= http://promacedonia.org/bugarash/bnpesni/bgnpesni.pdf|location= Zagreb, Croatia|publisher= Josip Juraj Strossmayer}}
3. ^The book is also known in North Macedonia as the Anthology of the Miladinov brothers ({{lang-mk|Зборникот на Миладиновци}}).
4. ^The original title of the book was written in an unstandardized Cyrilic alphabet.
5. ^Charles A. Moser, A History of Bulgarian Literature 865–1944, Vol. 112 от Slavistic Printings and Reprintings, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2019, ISBN 3110810603, p. 85.
6. ^Simeon Simeonov, Vassil Cholakov in the Folklore of the Bulgarian National Revival, Journal: Български фолклор, 1979, Issue No 3, pp. 31-43. Language: Bulgarian.
7. ^{{cite book |author=Mary Lee Knowlton|year= 2005|title= Cultures of the World: Macedonia|url= https://books.google.mk/books?id=HsUjjt3DOREC&dq=miladinov+brothers&source=gbs_navlinks_s|publisher= Marshall Cavendish|isbn= 9780761418542}}
8. ^Люлка на старата и новата българска писменост. Aкадемик Емил Георгиев, (Държавно издателство Народна просвета, София 1980)
9. ^Петър Динеков. Делото на братя Миладинови.(Българска акдемия на науките, 1961 г.)
10. ^Миладинова, М. 140 години "Български народни песни" от братя Миладинови. Отзвук и значение. сп. Македонски преглед, 2001, Македонският научен институт, бр. 4, стр. 5-21.
11. ^In the announcement by the Miladinov Brothers about the subscription for their collection called Bulgarian Folk Songs, published in Belgrade by Konstantin Miladinov on February 7, 1861 in the Bulgarian newspaper Dunavski Lebed, issue № 20, he wrote: "We started collecting folk songs six years ago from all parts of Western Bulgaria, i.e. Macedonia... as well as from Eastern Bulgaria. These folk songs will be supplemented with traditional rites of betrothal and match-making from Struga and Kukush; proverbs, riddles, legends and about 2,000 words which have become obsolete or differ from other dialects". For more see: D. Kossev et al., Macedonia, documents and materials, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, (in English) Sofia, 1978, p. 48.
12. ^On 8 January 1861, K. Miladinov wrote to the Bulgarian weakener G. Rakovski to explain his use of the term ‘‘Bulgarian’’ in the title of his and his brother’s collection of Macedonian folk songs: ‘‘In the announcement I called Macedonia West Bulgaria (as it should be called) because in Vienna the Greeks treat us like sheep. They consider Macedonia a Greek land and cannot understand that [Macedonia] is not Greek.’’ Miladinov and other educated Macedonians worried that use of the Macedonian name would imply attachment to or identification with the Greek nation For more see: Andrew Rossos Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History. Hoover Institution Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0817948813}}, p. 84.
13. ^Miladinov suggested that Macedonia should be called “Western Bulgaria”. Obviously, he was aware that the classical designation was received via Greek schooling and culture. As the Macedonian histotrian Taskovski claims, the Macedonian Slavs initially rejected the Macedonian designation as Greek. For more see: Tchavdar Marinov, Famous Macedonia, the Land of Alexander: Macedonian identity at the crossroads of Greek, Bulgarian and Serbian nationalism, p. 285; in Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies with Roumen Daskalov and Tchavdar Marinov as ed., BRILL, 2013, {{ISBN|900425076X}}, pp. 273-330.
14. ^Dimitar Miladinov's most famous literary achievement was the publishing of a large collection of Bulgarian folk songs in Zagreb in 1861 under the title Bulgarian Folk Songs. He published the volume with his brother Konstantin (1830-1862) and even though most of the songs were from Macedonia, the authors disliked this term as too Hellenic and preferred to refer to Macedonia as the "Western Bulgarian lands". For more see: Chris Kostov, Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, Peter Lang, 2010, {{ISBN|3034301960}}, p. 72.
15. ^The struggle over the historical legacy of the name “Macedonia” was already under way in the nineteenth century, as the Greeks contested its appropriation by the Slavs. This is reflected in a letter from Konstantin Miladinov, who published Bulgarian folk songs from Macedonia, to Georgi Rakovski, dated 31 January 1861:On my order form I have called Macedonia “Western Bulgaria”, as it should be called, because the Greeks in Vienna are ordering us around like sheep. They want Macedonia to be Greek territory and still do not realize that it cannot be Greek. But what are we to do with the more than two million Bulgarians there? Shall the Bulgarians still be sheep and a few Greeks the shepherds? Those days are gone and the Greeks shall be left with no more than their sweet dream. I believe the songs will be distributed among the Bulgarians, and have therefore set a low price for them. For more see: Spyridon Sfetas, The image of the Greeks in the work of the Bulgarian revolutionary and intellectual Georgi Rakovski. Balkan Studies, [S.l.], v. 42, n. 1, p. 89-107, Jan. 2001. ISSN 2241-1674. Available at: .
16. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=P-1m1FLtrvsC&pg=PA93 Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto; 1900 - 1996, Chris Kostov, Peter Lang, 2010], {{ISBN|3034301960}}, pp. 93-94.
17. ^“e-Journal VFU”, Варненски свободен университет "Черноризец Храбър, Брой 12, 2019 г. [https://ejournal.vfu.bg/pdfs/Dimitar%20Marinov.pdf Д-р Димитър Маринов, Три страници от началото на българската ономанистика, стр. 10-30.]
18. ^Michael Palairet, Macedonia: A Voyage through History (Vol. 2, From the Fifteenth Century to the Present), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016, {{ISBN|1443888494}}, p. 102.
19. ^Sonja Stojmenska-Elzeser, National Poets and Cultural Saints of Europe: Macedonian (questionnaire), Institute of Macedonian Literature, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 2016.
20. ^The Bulgarian Ministry of Education officially codified a standard Bulgarian language based on the Drinov-Ivanchev orthography in 1899, while Macedonian was finally codified in 1950 in Communist Yugoslavia, that finalized the progressive split in the common Macedonian–Bulgarian pluricentric area.
21. ^Up until the early 20th century and beyond, the international community viewed Macedonians as regional variety of Bulgarians, i.e. Western Bulgarians.[https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Nationalism+and+Territory:+Constructing+Group+Identity+in+Southeastern+Europe,+Geographical+perspectives+on+the+human+past+:+Europe:+Current+Events,+George+W.+White,+Rowman+%26+Littlefield,+2000,&hl=bg#v=onepage&q&f=false Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe, Geographical perspectives on the human past : Europe: Current Events], George W. White, Rowman & Littlefield, 2000, {{ISBN|0847698092}}, p. 236.
22. ^Bechev, Dimitar (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia Historical Dictionaries of Europe. Scarecrow Press. p. 134. {{ISBN|0-8108-6295-6}}.
23. ^From Rum Millet to Greek and Bulgarian Nations: Religious and National Debates in the Borderlands of the Ottoman Empire, 1870–1913. Theodora Dragostinova, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

History

Publication

Macedonain controversy

See also

Notes

References