“Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine (Federation of German Women's Associations) (BDF) was founded on 28/29 March 1894 as umbrella organization of the women's civil rights feminist movement and existed until the Nazi seizure of power in 1933.^[1]

Its creation was inspired by the founding of the World's Congress of Representative Women meeting on the occasion of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Several women from Germany attended this event: Anna Simson, Hanna Bieber-Böhm, Auguste Förster, Käthe Schirmacher. They took the example of the American National Council of Women as a model for the BDF. The International Council of Women also played a role in strengthening the co-operation between the NCW and the BDF.^[2]

Governance

Constituent groups

History

Wilhelmine period

Weimar period

The Nazi rise to power, in 1933, led to their with the assertion of control over women's associations. Such groups involving communists or socialists were forbidden, and members were arrested or even assassinated in rare cases.^[4] All associations were asked to turn in Jewish members, including the Union of Protestant Women, the Association for Home and Countryside, the Union of German Colonial Women, and the Union of Queen Louise.^[4] But soon, the majority of the organizations disbanded or chose among themselves to disappear, like the BDF which dissolved in 1933 to avoid being controlled.^[5] Some of the affiliated associations joined the Deutsches Frauenwerk.

Membership

Articles

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title=The German League for the Prevention of Women's Emancipation: Antifeminism in Germany, 1912-1920|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tZ9rYpjzM8UC&lpg|first=Diane J.|last=Guido|authorlink=|publisher=Peter Lang Publishing|location=New York|year=2010|language=|pages=1–11|isbn=9781433107849}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Adam |first1=Thomas |title=Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia |date=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781851096282 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8uxfTF4Lm-kC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=%22auguste+f%C3%B6rster%22&source=bl&ots=4qngRaYrjV&sig=x5v3dJHruJ1FsEIGUpUs0Ah2t1I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjYldqa7MHcAhXFDMAKHbcXClA4ChDoATAFegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=%22auguste%20f%C3%B6rster%22&f=false |accessdate=28 July 2018 |language=en}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last=Dickinson|first=Edward Ross|title=Dominion of the Spirit over the Flesh: Religion, Gender and Sexual Morality in the German Women's Movement before World War I|journal=Gender & History|date=2005|volume=17|issue=2|page=378|doi=10.1111/j.0953-5233.2006.00386.x}} p. 382.
4. ^¹http://www.erudit.org/revue/rf/1991/v4/n2/057649ar.pdf
5. ^Marie-Bénédicte Incent, Histoire de la société allemande au XXe siècle. Tome I. Le premier XXe siècle. 1900-1949, Paris, 2011, p. 42
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Sklar |first1=Kathryn Kish |last2=Schüler |first2=Anja |last3=Strasser |first3=Susan |title=Social Justice Feminists in the United States and Germany: A Dialogue in Documents, 1885-1933 |date=1998 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0801484693 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4FUxisSKqRUC&pg=PA335&lpg=PA335&dq=Allgemeiner+deutscher+HausFrauenverein&source=bl&ots=m03bFobxpw&sig=pMQh3aQVPySNBcnhlhupkNPi_vY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitm9PRj8HcAhVhLsAKHZsTCmUQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Allgemeiner%20deutscher%20HausFrauenverein&f=false |accessdate=28 July 2018 |language=en}}