| 词条 | Peter of Verona | ||
| 释义 |
|name=Saint Peter of Verona |image=SaintPeterTheMartyr.JPG |imagesize=200px |caption=Saint Peter the Martyr by Pedro Berruguete |titles=Martyr |birth_date=1205 |birth_place=Verona, Italy |death_date=April 6, 1252 |death_place=on the road from Como to Milan, Italy |feast_day=April 6[1] April 29 (General Roman Calendar, 1586–1969)[2] June 4 (Dominican particular calendar)[2] |beatified_date= |beatified_place= |beatified_by= |canonized_date=March 9, 1253 |canonized_place= Perugia, Italy |canonized_by=Pope Innocent IV |major_shrine= |attributes=Dominican with a hatchet in his head or a severe head wound; or writing the words "Credo in Deum" as he dies. |patronage=Guaynabo, Puerto Rico; Inquisitors; midwives |issues= |suppressed_date= |venerated_in=Roman Catholic Church }} Saint Peter of Verona O.P. (1206 – April 6, 1252), also known as Saint Peter Martyr, was a 13th-century Italian Catholic priest. He was a Dominican friar and a celebrated preacher. He served as Inquisitor in Lombardy, was killed by an assassin, and was canonized as a Catholic saint 11 months after his death, making this the fastest canonization in history. BiographyThomas Agni of Leontino, Dominican archbishop of Cosenza, and later patriarch of Jerusalem, was the first to write a life of the blessed martyr. He lived for many years with Peter of Verona and had been his superior.[3] He was born in the city of Verona into a family perhaps sympathetic to the Cathar heresy. Peter went to a Catholic school, and later to the University of Bologna, where he is said to have maintained his orthodoxy and at the age of fifteen, met Saint Dominic. Peter joined the Order of the Friars Preachers (Dominicans) and became a celebrated preacher throughout northern and central Italy.[4] From the 1230s on, Peter preached against heresy, and especially Catharism, which had many adherents in thirteenth-century Northern Italy. Pope Gregory IX appointed him General Inquisitor for northern Italy in 1234. and Peter evangelized nearly the whole of Italy, preaching in Rome, Florence, Bologna, Genoa, and Como.[4] In 1243 he recommended the new Servite foundation to the pope for approval. In 1251, Pope Innocent IV recognized Peter's virtues (severity of life and doctrine, talent for preaching, and zeal for the orthodox Catholic faith), and appointed him Inquisitor in Lombardy. He spent about six months in that office and it is unclear whether he was ever involved in any trials. His one recorded act was a declaration of clemency for those confessing heresy or sympathy to heresy. In his sermons he denounced heresy and also those Catholics who professed the Faith by words, but acted contrary to it in deeds. Crowds came to meet him and followed him; conversions were numerous,[4] including many Cathars who returned to orthodoxy. Because of this, a group of Milanese Cathars conspired to kill him. They hired an assassin, one Carino of Balsamo. Carino's accomplice was Manfredo Clitoro of Giussano. On April 6, 1252, when Peter was returning from Como to Milan, the two assassins followed Peter to a lonely spot near Barlassina, and there killed him and mortally wounded his companion, a fellow friar named Dominic.[5] Carino struck Peter's head with an axe and then attacked Domenico. Peter rose to his knees, and recited the first article of the Symbol of the Apostles (the Apostle's Creed). Offering his blood as a sacrifice to God, according to legend, he dipped his fingers in it and wrote on the ground: "Credo in Deum",[4] the first words of the Apostles' Creed. The blow that killed him cut off the top of his head, but the testimony given at the inquest into his death confirms that he began reciting the Creed when he was attacked. Dominic was carried to Meda, where he died five days afterwards. LegendsAccording to Dominican tradition Peter often conversed with the saints, including the virgin-martyrs Catherine, Agnes and Cecilia.[6] Once, when preaching to a vast crowd under the burning sun, the heretics challenged him to procure shade for his listeners. As he prayed, a cloud overshadowed the audience.[6] VenerationPeter's body was carried to Milan and laid in the Church of Sant'Eustorgio, where an ornate mausoleum, the work of Balduccio Pisano, was erected to his memory. Since the eighteenth century this has been located in the Portinari Chapel.[5] Many miracles were attributed to him while alive, and even more after his martyrdom. Peter was canonized by Pope Innocent IV on March 9, 1253, the fastest canonization in papal history.[7] St Peter the Martyr's feast day is 6 April[1] although his Dominican brothers celebrate it on 4 June.[8] From 1586, when the feast day was inserted in the General Roman Calendar, to 1969, when it was removed on the grounds of the limited importance now attached to the saint internationally, the celebration was on 29 April.[9] (6 April, his death date, was not used because it would too often conflict with the Easter Triduum.)[10] The Church of Santa Maria Antiqua in Verona is co-entitled to him. Carino, the assassin, later repented and confessed his crime. He converted to orthodoxy and eventually became a lay brother in the Dominican convent of Forlì. He is the subject of a local cult as Blessed Carino of Balsamo. The sculptures on the great door of S. Anastasia, the Dominican Church in Verona, represent scenes from the life of St. Peter Martyr.[11] See also{{portal bar|Biography|Catholicism|Saints|Italy}}
References1. ^1 Martyrologium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2001 {{ISBN|88-209-7210-7}}) 2. ^{{cite web|title=Dominican Liturgical General Calendar|url=http://www.op.org.au/texts/cal_op.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706214819/http://www.op.org.au/texts/cal_op.php|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2008-07-06}} 3. ^"Saint Peter of Verona", Dominican Shrine of St. Jude 4. ^1 2 3 Allaria, Anthony. "St. Peter of Verona." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 May 2013 5. ^1 Henry Charles Lea, A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Macmillan, 1887), 215. 6. ^1 "St. Peter of Verona", Dominican Sisters of St. Cecilia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025120457/http://nashvilledominican.org/charism/our_dominican_heritage/our_saints_and_blesseds/St_Peter_of_Verona |date=2012-10-25 }} 7. ^Donald Prudlo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ykUtnL-EZZAC&pg=PA84 The martyred inquisitor: the life and cult of Peter of Verona] (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), p. 81, esp. note 35. 8. ^Dominican Ordo, The Dominican Friars of the Province of St. Albert the Great {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013000536/http://www.domcentral.org/life/99ordo.htm |date=2004-10-13 }} 9. ^1 Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p. 121 10. ^Donald Prudlo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ykUtnL-EZZAC&pg=PA84 The martyred inquisitor: the life and cult of Peter of Verona] (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2008), p. 84, note 53. 11. ^Benigni, Umberto. "Verona." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 6 May 2013 Sources
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9 : 1206 births|1252 deaths|People from Verona|Italian Dominicans|Inquisitors|Italian saints|13th-century Christian saints|13th-century Roman Catholic martyrs|13th-century Italian people |
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