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词条 Peter Thiel
释义

  1. Early years

     Childhood  Education 

  2. Career

     Early career  PayPal  Clarium Capital  Palantir  Facebook  Founders Fund  Valar Ventures  Mithril Capital  Y Combinator 

  3. Philanthropy and donations

     Research  Artificial intelligence  Life extension  Seasteading  Thiel Fellowship  Breakout Labs  Other causes 

  4. Political activities

     Support for political activism  Support for political candidates 

  5. Gawker lawsuit

  6. New Zealand citizenship

  7. Personal life

     Religious views  Views on democracy  Chess  Media appearances  Awards and honors 

  8. Published books

     The Diversity Myth  Zero to One 

  9. References

     Bibliography 

  10. External links

{{short description|German-born American-New Zealand entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and hedge fund manager}}{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2016}}{{Infobox person
|name = Peter Thiel
|image = Peter Thiel 2014 by Heisenberg Media.jpg
|caption = Thiel in 2014
|alt = Man in his 40s with short, dark hair wearing a shirt and blazer
|birth_name = Peter Andreas Thiel
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|10|11}}
|birth_place = Frankfurt, West Germany
|death_date =
|death_place =
|citizenship = {{plainlist|
  • Germany (1967–1978)
  • United States (1978–present)
  • New Zealand (2011–present)}}

|education = Stanford University (BA, JD)
|party = Republican[1]
|occupation = {{plainlist|
  • President of Clarium Capital
  • Chairman of Palantir
  • Board member of Facebook
  • Partner in Founders Fund
  • Chairman of Valar Ventures
  • Chair of Mithril Capital}}

|networth = {{nowrap|US$2.5 billion (2019)[2]}}
|spouse = {{married|Matt Danzeisen|October 2017}}
}}Peter Andreas Thiel ({{IPAc-en|t|iː|l}}; born October 11, 1967) is an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, philanthropist, political activist, and author. He is a co-founder of PayPal, Palantir Technologies and Founders Fund. He was ranked No. 4 on the Forbes Midas List of 2014, with a net worth of $2.2 billion, and No. 328 on the Forbes 400 in 2018, with a net worth of $2.5 billion.[3][4]

Thiel was born in Frankfurt. He moved with his family to the United States as an infant, and spent a portion of his upbringing in Southern Africa before returning to the United States. He studied philosophy at Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1989. He then went on to the Stanford Law School, and received his J.D. in 1992. After graduation, he worked as a judicial clerk for Judge James Larry Edmondson, a securities lawyer for Sullivan & Cromwell, a speechwriter for former-U.S. Secretary of Education William Bennett and as a derivatives trader at Credit Suisse prior to founding Thiel Capital in 1996. He co-founded PayPal in 1999, serving as chief executive officer until its sale to eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.

After the sale of PayPal, he founded Clarium Capital, a global macro hedge fund. He launched Palantir Technologies, a big data analysis company, in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2018. His Founders Fund, a venture capital firm, was launched in 2005 along with PayPal partners Ken Howery and Luke Nosek. Earlier, Thiel became Facebook's first outside investor when he acquired a 10.2% stake for $500,000 in August 2004. He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $1 billion in 2012, but remains on the board of directors. He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010 and operates as its chairman, co-founded Mithril Capital, of which he is investment committee chair, in 2012, and served as a partner at Y Combinator from 2015 to 2017.[5][6][7]

Through the Thiel Foundation, Thiel governs the grant-making bodies Breakout Labs and Thiel Fellowship, and funds nonprofit research into artificial intelligence, life extension and seasteading. A co-founder of The Stanford Review, he is a conservative libertarian who is critical of high government spending, high debt levels, and foreign wars. He has donated to numerous political figures. In 2016, Thiel revealed that he had funded Hulk Hogan in the Bollea v. Gawker lawsuit, which ultimately led to the bankruptcy of Gawker.

Early years

Childhood

Peter Andreas Thiel was born in Frankfurt am Main, West Germany, on October 11, 1967, to Susanne and Klaus Friedrich Thiel.[8][9] The family migrated to the United States when Peter was age one and lived in Cleveland, where Klaus worked as a chemical engineer. Klaus then worked for various mining companies, which caused an itinerant upbringing for Thiel and his younger brother, Patrick Michael Thiel.[10][11] Thiel's mother naturalized as a U.S. citizen but his father did not.[9]

Before settling in Foster City, California in 1977, the Thiels had lived in South Africa and South West Africa (modern-day Namibia), and Peter had to change elementary schools seven times. One of Peter's elementary schools, a strict establishment in Swakopmund, required students to wear uniforms and utilized corporal punishment, such as striking students' hands with a ruler for mistakes. This experience instilled a distaste for uniformity and regimentation later reflected in Thiel's support for individualism and libertarianism as an adult.[12][13]

Thiel played Dungeons & Dragons, was an avid reader of science fiction, with Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein among his favorite authors, and a fan of J. R. R. Tolkien's works, stating as an adult that he had read The Lord of the Rings over ten times during his childhood.[14] He has since founded 6 firms (Palantir Technologies, Valar Ventures, Mithril Capital, Lembas LLC, Rivendell LLC and Arda Capital) whose names originate from Tolkien.[15]

Education

Thiel excelled in mathematics, and scored first in a California-wide mathematics competition while attending middle school in San Mateo.[17] At the San Mateo High School, he read Ayn Rand, admired the optimism and anti-communism of then-President Ronald Reagan, and was valedictorian of his graduating class in 1985.[17][16]

After graduating from San Mateo High School, Thiel went on to study philosophy at Stanford University. During Thiel's time at Stanford, debates on identity politics and political correctness were ongoing at the university. A "Western Culture" program, which was criticized by The Rainbow Agenda because of a perceived over-representation of the achievements made by European men, was replaced with a "Culture, Ideas and Values" course, which instead pushed diversity and multiculturalism. This replacement provoked controversy on the campus, and led to Thiel founding The Stanford Review, a paper for conservative and libertarian viewpoints, in 1987, through the funding of Irving Kristol.[17]

Thiel served as The Stanford Review's first editor-in-chief and remained in that post until he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1989, at which point his friend David O. Sacks became the new editor-in-chief.[18] Thiel then continued on to the Stanford Law School and acquired his Doctor of Jurisprudence in 1992.[19]

While at Stanford, Thiel met René Girard, whose mimetic theory influenced him.[20] Mimetic theory posits that human behavior is based upon mimesis, and that imitation can engender pointless conflict. Girard notes the productive potential of competition: "It is because of this unprecedented capacity to promote competition within limits that always remain socially, if not individually, acceptable that we have all the amazing achievements of the modern world," but states that competition stifles progress once it becomes an end in itself: "rivals are more apt to forget about whatever objects are the cause of the rivalry and instead become more fascinated with one another."[21] Thiel applied this theory to his personal life and business ventures, stating: "The big problem with competition is that it focuses us on the people around us, and while we get better at the things we're competing on, we lose sight of anything that's important, or transcendent, or truly meaningful in our world."[22][23]

Career

Early career

After graduating Stanford Law School, Thiel clerked for Judge James Larry Edmondson of the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit.[24] After his clerkship with Judge Edmondson, Thiel worked as a securities lawyer for Sullivan & Cromwell in New York. After seven months and three days, he left the law firm citing a lack of transcendental value in his work.[25] He then took a job as a derivatives trader in currency options at Credit Suisse, working there from 1993 on while also operating as a speechwriter for former-United States Secretary of Education William Bennett, before again feeling as though his work lacked meaningful value and returning to California in 1996.[26]

Upon returning to the Bay Area, Thiel noticed that the development of the internet and personal computer had already altered the economic landscape and the dot-com boom was well underway. With financial support from friends and family, he was able to raise $1 million toward the establishment of Thiel Capital Management and embark on his venture capital career. Early on, he experienced a setback after investing $100,000 in his friend Luke Nosek's unsuccessful web-based calendar project. However, his luck changed when Max Levchin, a friend of Nosek's, introduced him to his cryptography-related company idea, which later became their first venture called Confinity in 1998.

PayPal

{{further|PayPal#Early history}}

With Confinity, Thiel realized they could develop software to solve a gap in making online payments. Although the use of credit cards and expanding automated teller machine networks provided consumers with more available payment options, not all merchants could gain the necessary hardware to accept credit cards. Thus, consumers were often left with little choice and instead had to pay with exact cash or personal checks. Thiel wanted to create a type of digital wallet in the hopes of ensuring more consumer convenience and security by encrypting data on digital devices, and in 1999 Confinity launched PayPal.

PayPal promised to open up new possibilities for handling money, and according to Eric M. Jackson's account in his book The PayPal Wars, Thiel viewed PayPal's mission as liberating people throughout the world from the erosion of the value of their currencies due to inflation. Jackson recalls an inspirational speech by Thiel in 1999:

{{quote|We're definitely onto something big. The need PayPal answers is monumental. Everyone in the world needs money – to get paid, to trade, to live. Paper money is an ancient technology and an inconvenient means of payment. You can run out of it. It wears out. It can get lost or stolen. In the twenty-first century, people need a form of money that's more convenient and secure, something that can be accessed from anywhere with a PDA or an Internet connection. Of course, what we're calling 'convenient' for American users will be revolutionary for the developing world. Many of these countries' governments play fast and loose with their currencies. They use inflation and sometimes wholesale currency devaluations, like we saw in Russia and several Southeast Asian countries last year [referring to the 1998 Russian and 1997 Asian financial crisis], to take wealth away from their citizens. Most of the ordinary people there never have an opportunity to open an offshore account or to get their hands on more than a few bills of a stable currency like U.S. dollars. Eventually PayPal will be able to change this. In the future, when we make our service available outside the U.S. and as Internet penetration continues to expand to all economic tiers of people, PayPal will give citizens worldwide more direct control over their currencies than they ever had before. It will be nearly impossible for corrupt governments to steal wealth from their people through their old means because if they try the people will switch to dollars or Pounds or Yen, in effect dumping the worthless local currency for something more secure.[27]}}

When PayPal launched at a successful press conference in 1999, representatives from Nokia and Deutsche Bank sent $3 million in venture funding to Thiel using PayPal on their PalmPilots. PayPal then continued to grow through mergers with Elon Musk's financial services company, X.com, and with Pixo, a company specializing in mobile commerce, in 2000. These mergers allowed PayPal to expand into the wireless phone market, and transformed it into a safer and more user-friendly tool by enabling users to transfer money via a free online registration and email rather than by exchanging bank account information.

PayPal went public on February 15, 2002 and was sold to eBay for $1.5 billion in October of that year.[28] Thiel remained CEO of the company until the sale.[29] His 3.7% stake in the company was worth $55 million at the time of acquisition.[30] In Silicon Valley circles, Thiel is colloquially referred to as the "Don of the PayPal Mafia".[31]

Clarium Capital

{{further|Clarium Capital}}

Following PayPal's sale to eBay in 2002, Thiel devoted $10 million of his proceeds to establish Clarium Capital Management, a global macro hedge fund focusing on directional and liquid instruments in currencies, interest rates, commodities, and equities. Thiel stated that "the big, macroeconomic idea that we had at Clarium—the idée fixe—was the peak-oil theory, which was basically that the world was running out of oil, and that there were no easy alternatives."[17]

In 2003, Clarium Capital reflected a return of 65.6% as Thiel successfully bet that the United States dollar would weaken.[32] In 2004, Thiel spoke of the dot-com bubble having migrated, in effect, into a growing bubble in the financial sector, and specified General Electric and Walmart as vulnerable. In 2005, Clarium saw a 57.1% return[33] as Thiel predicted that the dollar would rally.[32]

However, Clarium faltered in 2006 with a 7.8% loss. During this time, the firm sought to profit in the long-term from its petrodollar analysis, which foresaw the impending decline in oil supplies and the unsustainable bubble growing in the U.S. housing market. Clarium's assets under management indeed, after achieving a 40.3% return in 2007, grew to over $7 billion by 2008, but plummeted as financial markets collapsed near the start of 2009. By 2011, after missing out on the economic rebound, many key investors pulled out, causing Clarium's assets to be valued at $350 million, over half of which was Thiel's own money.[34]

Palantir

{{further|Palantir Technologies}}

In May 2003, Thiel incorporated Palantir Technologies, a big data analysis company named after the Tolkien artifact, and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2018. Thiel stated that the idea for the company was based on the realization that "the approaches that PayPal had used to fight fraud could be extended into other contexts, like fighting terrorism." He also stated that, after the September 11 attacks, the debate in the United States was "will we have more security with less privacy or less security with more privacy?" and saw Palantir as being able to provide data mining services to government intelligence agencies which were maximally unintrusive and traceable.[35][36]

At first, Palantir's only backers were the Central Intelligence Agency's venture capital arm In-Q-Tel, but the company steadily grew and in 2015 was valued at $20 billion, with Thiel being the company's largest shareholder.[37][38]

Facebook

{{further|Facebook#Thefacebook, Thiel investment, and name change}}

In August 2004, Thiel made a $500,000 angel investment in Facebook for a 10.2% stake in the company and joined Facebook's board. This was the first outside investment in Facebook, and put the valuation of the company at $4.9 million.[39][40] As a board member, Thiel was not actively involved in Facebook's day-to-day running. However, he did provide help with timing the various rounds of funding and Zuckerberg credited Thiel with helping him time Facebook's 2007 Series D to close before the 2008 financial crisis.[41]

In his book The Facebook Effect, David Kirkpatrick outlines how Thiel came to make this investment: Napster co-founder Sean Parker, who at the time had assumed the title of "President" of Facebook, was seeking investors for Facebook. Parker approached Reid Hoffman, the CEO of work-based social network LinkedIn. Hoffman liked Facebook but declined to be the lead investor because of the potential for conflict of interest with his duties as LinkedIn CEO. Thus, Hoffman directed Parker to Thiel, whom he knew from their PayPal days. Thiel met Parker and Mark Zuckerberg, the Harvard student who had founded Facebook. Thiel and Zuckerberg got along well and Thiel agreed to lead Facebook's seed round with $500,000 for 10.2% of the company. The investment was originally in the form of a convertible note, to be converted to equity if Facebook reached 1.5 million users by the end of 2004. Although Facebook narrowly missed the target, Thiel allowed the loan to be converted to equity anyway.[42] Thiel said of his investment:

I was comfortable with them pursuing their original vision. And it was a very reasonable valuation. I thought it was going to be a pretty safe investment.[42]

In September 2010, Thiel, while expressing skepticism about the potential for growth in the consumer Internet sector, argued that relative to other Internet companies, Facebook (which then had a secondary market valuation of $30 billion) was comparatively undervalued.[43]

Facebook's initial public offering was in May 2012, with a market cap of nearly $100 billion ($38 a share), at which time Thiel sold 16.8 million shares for $638 million.[44] In August 2012, immediately upon the conclusion of the early investor lock out period, Thiel sold almost all of his remaining stake for between $19.27 and $20.69 per share, or $395.8 million, for a total of more than $1 billion.[45] He retained his seat on the board of directors.[46] In 2016 he sold a little under 1 million of his shares for around $100 million. In November 2017 he sold another 160,805 shares for $29 million, putting his holdings in Facebook at 59,913 Class A shares.[47]

Founders Fund

{{further|Founders Fund}}

In 2005, Thiel created Founders Fund, a San Francisco-based venture capital fund. Other partners in the fund include Sean Parker, Ken Howery, and Luke Nosek.[48]

In addition to Facebook, Thiel has made early-stage investments in numerous startups (personally or through Founders Fund), including Airbnb,[17] Slide.com,[49] LinkedIn,[17] Friendster,[50] Rapleaf, Geni.com, Yammer, Yelp Inc., Spotify,[17] Powerset, Practice Fusion, MetaMed, Vator, SpaceX,[17] Palantir Technologies, IronPort, Votizen, Asana, Big Think, Caplinked, Quora, Nanotronics Imaging, Rypple, TransferWise, Stripe, Block.one (the publisher of the EOS.IO blockchain protocol),[51]{{primary source inline|date=November 2018}} and AltSchool.[52] Slide, LinkedIn, Yelp, Geni.com, and Yammer were founded by Thiel's former colleagues at PayPal: Slide by Max Levchin, Linkedin by Reid Hoffman, Yelp by Jeremy Stoppelman, and Geni.com and Yammer by David O. Sacks. Fortune magazine reports that PayPal alumni have founded or invested in dozens of startups with an aggregate value of around $30 billion.[53]

In mid-2017 Founders Fund bought $15–20 million worth of bitcoin. In January 2018 the venture capital firm told investors that due to the cryptocurrency's surge the holdings were worth hundreds of millions of dollars.[54]

Valar Ventures

{{further|Valar Ventures}}

Through Valar Ventures, an internationally-focused venture firm he cofounded with Andrew McCormack and James Fitzgerald,[55] Thiel was an early investor in Xero, a software firm headquartered in New Zealand.[56] Valar Ventures also invested in New Zealand-based companies Pacific Fibre[57] and Booktrack.[58]

Mithril Capital

In June 2012, Peter Thiel launched Mithril Capital Management, named after the fictitious metal in The Lord of the Rings, with Jim O'Neill and Ajay Royan. Unlike Clarium Capital, Mithril Capital, a fund with $402 million at the time of launch, targets companies that are beyond the startup stage and ready to scale up.[59][60]

Y Combinator

In March 2015, it was announced that Thiel joined Y Combinator as one of 10 part-time partners.[61] In November 2017, it was reported that Y Combinator had severed its ties with Thiel. Quartz said: "While details of the split between [Thiel] and [Y Combinator] remains unclear, the unannounced change also highlights a divergence of views. Thiel is Silicon Valley's most outspoken Trump supporter, ... YC's principals, such as president Sam Altman, have made a point of calling out the threat posed by Trump."[62]

Philanthropy and donations

{{further|Thiel Foundation}}

Thiel carries out most of his philanthropic activities through a nonprofit foundation he created called the Thiel Foundation.[63][64]

Research

Artificial intelligence

In 2006, Thiel provided $100,000 of matching funds to back the Singularity Challenge donation drive of the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence (now known as the Machine Intelligence Research Institute), a nonprofit organization that promotes the development of artificial intelligence.[75] He also provided half of the $400,000 matching funds for the 2007 donation drive, and as of 2013 the Thiel Foundation has donated over $1 million to the institute.[65] Additionally, he serves on the institute's advisory board,[66] and has spoke at multiple Singularity Summits.[67][68][69] At the 2009 Singularity Summit, he said his greatest concern is the technological singularity not arriving soon enough.[68]

In December 2015, it was announced that Thiel was one of the financial backers of OpenAI, a nonprofit company aimed at the safe development of artificial general intelligence.[70]

Life extension

In September 2006, Thiel announced that he would donate $3.5 million to foster anti-aging research through the nonprofit Methuselah Mouse Prize foundation.[71][72] He gave the following reasons for his pledge: "Rapid advances in biological science foretell of a treasure trove of discoveries this century, including dramatically improved health and longevity for all. I'm backing Dr. [Aubrey] de Grey, because I believe that his revolutionary approach to aging research will accelerate this process, allowing many people alive today to enjoy radically longer and healthier lives for themselves and their loved ones." As of February 2017, he has donated over $7 million to the foundation.[73]

When asked "What is the biggest achievement that you haven't achieved yet?" by the moderator of a discussion panel at the Venture Alpha West 2014 conference, Thiel said he wants to make progress on anti-aging research.[74] Thiel also said that he is registered to be cryonically preserved, meaning that he would be subject to low-temperature preservation in case of his legal death in hopes that he might be successfully revived by future medical technology, and is signed up with the Alcor Life Extension Foundation.[14]

Seasteading

On April 15, 2008, Thiel pledged $500,000 to the newly-created nonprofit Seasteading Institute,[75] directed by Patri Friedman, whose mission is "to establish permanent, autonomous ocean communities to enable experimentation and innovation with diverse social, political, and legal systems."[76][77]

At one of the institute's conferences, he described seasteading as "one of the few technological frontiers that has the promise to create a new space for human freedom."[78]

In 2011, Thiel gave $1.25 million to the Seasteading Institute,[79][80] but resigned from its board the same year.[81] In a 2017 interview with The New York Times, Thiel said seasteads are "not quite feasible from an engineering perspective" and "still very far in the future".[82][83]

Thiel Fellowship

On September 29, 2010, Thiel created the Thiel Fellowship, which annually awards $100,000 to 20 people under the age of 20 in order to spur them to drop out of college and create their own ventures.[84][85][86] According to Thiel, for many young people, college is the path to take when they have no idea what to do with their lives:

{{quote|I feel I was personally very guilty of this; you don't know what to do with your life, so you get a college degree; you don't know what you're going to do with your college degree, so you get a graduate degree. In my case it was law school, which is the classic thing one does when one has no idea what else to do. I don't have any big regrets, but if I had to do it over I would try to think more about the future than I did at the time... You cannot get out of student debt even if you personally go bankrupt, it's a form of almost like indentured servitude, it's attached to your physical person for the rest of your life.[14]}}

Breakout Labs

In November 2011, the Thiel Foundation announced the creation of Breakout Labs, a grant-making program intended to "to fill the funding gap that exists for innovative research outside the confines of an academic institution, large corporation, or government."[87][88] It offers grants of up to $350,000 to science-focused startups, "with no strings attached".[89][90] In April 2012, Breakout Labs announced its first set of grantees.[88][91] In total, 12 startups received funding, for a total of $4.5 million in grants.[89] One of the first ventures to receive funding from Breakout Labs was 3Scan, a tissue imaging platform.[90]

Other causes

The Thiel Foundation is a supporter of the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), which promotes the right of journalists to report the news freely without fear of reprisal.[92] Beginning in 2008, Thiel has donated over $1 million to the CPJ.[93]

He is also a supporter of the Human Rights Foundation, which organizes the Oslo Freedom Forum.[94][112] In 2011 he was a featured speaker at the Oslo Freedom Forum, and the Thiel Foundation was one of the event's main sponsors.[95]

In 2011, Thiel made a NZ$1 million donation to an appeal fund for the casualties of the Christchurch earthquake.[96]

Political activities

Thiel is a member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group, a private, annual gathering of intellectual figures, political leaders and business executives.[97]

Support for political activism

Thiel, who himself is gay,[98][99] has supported gay rights causes such as the American Foundation for Equal Rights and GOProud.[100] He invited conservative columnist Ann Coulter, who is a friend of his, to Homocon 2010 as a guest speaker.[101][102][103] Coulter later dedicated her 2011 book, How the Liberal Mob Is Endangering America, to Thiel.[104] Thiel is also mentioned in the acknowledgments of Coulter's The Left's Plan to Turn Our Country Into a Third World Hellhole.[105] In 2012, Thiel donated $10,000 to Minnesotans United for All Families, in order to fight Minnesota Amendment 1.[106]

In 2009, it was reported that Thiel helped fund college student James O'Keefe's "Taxpayers Clearing House" video – a satirical look at the Wall Street bailout.[107] O'Keefe went on to produce the ACORN undercover sting videos but, through a spokesperson, Thiel denied involvement in the ACORN sting.[107]

In July 2012, Thiel made a $1 million donation to the Club for Growth, a fiscally conservative 501(c)(4) organization, becoming the group's largest contributor.[108]

Support for political candidates

An ideological libertarian,[109] Thiel is a lifelong member of the Republican Party.[1] He contributes to Libertarian and Republican candidates and causes.

In December 2007, Thiel endorsed Ron Paul for President.[110] After Paul failed to secure the Republican nomination, Thiel contributed to the John McCain campaign.[131]

In 2010, Thiel supported Meg Whitman in her unsuccessful bid for the governorship of California. He contributed the maximum allowable $25,900 to the Whitman campaign.[111]

In 2012, Thiel, along with Luke Nosek and Scott Banister, put their support behind the Endorse Liberty Super PAC. Collectively Thiel et al. gave $3.9 million to Endorse Liberty, whose purpose was to promote Ron Paul for president in 2012. As of January 31, 2012, Endorse Liberty reported spending about $3.3 million promoting Paul by setting up two YouTube channels, buying ads from Google, Facebook and StumbleUpon, and building a presence on the Web.[112] At the 2012 Republican National Convention, Thiel held a private meeting with Rand Paul and Ron Paul's presidential delegates to discuss "the future of the Liberty Movement."[113] After Ron Paul again failed to secure the Republican nomination for president, Thiel contributed to the Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan presidential ticket of 2012.[131]

Thiel initially supported Carly Fiorina campaign during the 2016 GOP presidential primary elections.[114] After Fiorina dropped out, Thiel supported Donald Trump and became one of the pledged California delegates for Trump's nomination at the 2016 Republican National Convention. He was also a headline speaker during the convention, during which he announced that he was "proud to be gay," for which the assembled Republicans cheered.[115][116] On October 15, 2016, Thiel announced a $1.25 million donation in support of Donald Trump's presidential campaign.[117] Thiel stated to The New York Times: "I didn't give him any money for a long time because I didn't think it mattered, and then the campaign asked me to."[118] After Trump's victory, Thiel was named to the executive committee of the President-elect's transition team.[119]

Other politicians Thiel has contributed donations to include:[120]

{{Div col|colwidth=16em}}
  • Sen. Lamar Alexander
  • Randy Altschuler
  • Rep. Justin Amash
  • Rep. Roscoe Bartlett
  • Rep. Bob Beauprez
  • Rep. Mary Bono
  • Ryan Brumberg
  • Rep. Eric Cantor
  • Rep. Mike Coffman
  • Sen. Norm Coleman
  • Sen. Susan Collins
  • Sen. John Cornyn
  • Sen. Ted Cruz
  • Sen. Jim DeMint
  • Sen. Elizabeth Dole
  • Sen. Jeff Flake
  • Douglas Forrester
  • Rep. Scott Garrett
  • Sen. Chuck Hagel
  • Sen. Orrin Hatch
  • Rep. Robin Hayes
  • Rep. Nancy Johnson
  • Rep. Tim Johnson
  • Sen. John Neely Kennedy
  • Rep. Dan Lungren
  • Josh Mandel
  • Kevin McCarthy
  • State Sen. Dick Monteith
  • Gov. Butch Otter
  • Sen. Rand Paul
  • Rep. Jon Porter
  • John Raese
  • Rep. Denny Rehberg
  • Rep. James E. Rogan
  • Rep. Dana Rohrabacher
  • Dino Rossi
  • Rep. Ed Royce
  • Rep. Bob Schaffer
  • Rep. Rob Simmons
  • Rep. Mike Simpson
  • Sen. Gordon H. Smith
  • Don Stenberg
  • Sen. Jim Talent
  • Rep. Tom Tancredo
  • Rep. Lee Terry
  • Rep. Bill Thomas
  • Sen. John Thune
  • State Sen. Richard Tisei
{{div col end}}

Gawker lawsuit

{{Main|Bollea v. Gawker}}

In May 2016, Thiel confirmed in an interview with The New York Times that he had paid $10 million in legal expenses to finance several lawsuits brought by others, including a lawsuit by Terry Bollea (Hulk Hogan) against Gawker Media for invasion of privacy, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and infringement of personality rights after Gawker made public sections of a sex tape involving Bollea.[121] The jury awarded Bollea $140 million, and Gawker announced it was permanently shutting its doors due to the lawsuit in August 2016.[122] Thiel referred to his financial support of Bollea's case as one of the "greater philanthropic things that I've done."[123]

Thiel said he was motivated to sue Gawker after they published a 2007 article publicly outing him, headlined "Peter Thiel is totally gay, people". Thiel stated that Gawker articles about others, including his friends, had "ruined people's lives for no reason," and said, "It's less about revenge and more about specific deterrence."[123] In response to criticism that his funding of lawsuits against Gawker could restrict the freedom of the press, Thiel cited his donations to the Committee to Protect Journalists and stated, "I refuse to believe that journalism means massive privacy violations. I think much more highly of journalists than that. It's precisely because I respect journalists that I do not believe they are endangered by fighting back against Gawker."[123]

On August 15, 2016, Thiel published an opinion piece in The New York Times in which he argued that his defense of online privacy went beyond Gawker.[124] He highlighted his support for the Intimate Privacy Protection Act, and said that athletes and business executives have the right to stay in the closet as long as they want to.[124]

New Zealand citizenship

Thiel was a German citizen by birth, and became an American citizen by naturalization.[125] He became a New Zealand citizen in 2011, though this was not made public until 2017.[126][127]

In 2015, he purchased a 193-hectare estate near Wanaka, which fit the classification of "sensitive land" and required foreign buyers to obtain permission from New Zealand's Overseas Investment Office. Thiel did not require permission as he was a citizen.[128]

He had received permanent residency in New Zealand in 2007,[129][130] but visited the country on only four occasions prior to his application for citizenship,[131] and had spent 12 days in New Zealand, rather than the typical residency requirement of 1350 days.[132] When he applied, he also stated he had no intention of living in New Zealand, which is a criterion for citizenship.[133] Then-Minister of Internal Affairs Nathan Guy waived these normal requirements, under an "exceptional circumstances" clause of the Citizenships Act;[127][131][133] Thiel's application cited his contribution to the economy—he had founded a venture capital fund in Auckland before applying, and invested $7 million in two local companies—as well as his $1 million donation to the 2011 Christchurch earthquake appeal fund.[131] Rod Drury, founder of Xero, also provided a formal reference for Thiel's application.[127] Thiel's case was cited by critics as an example that New Zealand passports can be bought,[131][134] something the New Zealand government denied.[131]

Personal life

Thiel married his long-time partner Matt Danzeisen in October 2017, in Vienna, Austria.[135] Danzeisen works as a portfolio manager at Thiel Capital.[136]

Religious views

Thiel is a self-described Christian and a promoter of René Girard's Christian anthropology.[137] He grew up in an evangelical household but, as of 2011, describes his religious beliefs as "somewhat heterodox", and stated: "I believe Christianity is true but I don't sort of feel a compelling need to convince other people of that."[34]

During his time at Stanford University, Thiel attended a lecture given by René Girard. Girard, a Catholic, explained the role of sacrifice and the scapegoat mechanism in resolving social conflict, which appealed to Thiel as it offered a basis for his Christian faith without the fundamentalism of his parents.[138]

Views on democracy

Writing in Cato Unbound, the organ of the Cato Institute, a libertarian think-tank, Thiel wrote,

…I no longer believe that freedom and democracy are compatible… The 1920s were the last decade in American history during which one could be genuinely optimistic about politics. Since 1920, the vast increase in welfare beneficiaries and the extension of the franchise to women — two constituencies that are notoriously tough for libertarians — have rendered the notion of "capitalist democracy" into an oxymoron.[139]

Chess

Thiel began playing chess at the age of six,[140] and was at one time one of the strongest junior players in the United States.[141][142][143] He holds the title of Life Master,[144][145] but has not competed since 2003.[1] On November 30, 2016, Thiel made the ceremonial first move in the first tiebreak game of the World Chess Championship 2016 between Sergey Karjakin and Magnus Carlsen.[142][146][147]

Media appearances

Thiel is an occasional commentator on CNBC, having appeared on both Closing Bell with Kelly Evans, and Squawk Box with Becky Quick.[148] He has been interviewed twice by Charlie Rose on PBS.[149] He has also contributed articles to The Wall Street Journal, First Things, Forbes, and Policy Review, a journal formerly published by the Hoover Institution, on whose board he sits.

In The Social Network, Thiel was portrayed by Wallace Langham.[150] He described the film as "wrong on many levels".[151]

Thiel was the inspiration for the Peter Gregory character on HBO's Silicon Valley.[152] Thiel said of Gregory, "I liked him... I think eccentric is always better than evil".[153]

Jonas Lüscher stated in an interview with Basellandschaftliche Zeitung that he based the character Tobias Erkner in his novel Kraft ("Force") on Thiel.[154]

Awards and honors

Thiel received a co-producer credit for Thank You for Smoking, a 2005 feature film based on Christopher Buckley's 1994 novel of the same name.[155]

In 2006, Thiel won the Herman Lay Award for Entrepreneurship.[156]

In 2007, he was honored as a Young Global leader by the World Economic Forum as one of the 250 most distinguished leaders age 40 and under.[157]

On November 7, 2009, Thiel was awarded an honorary degree from Universidad Francisco Marroquin.[158]

In 2012, Students For Liberty, an organization dedicated to spreading libertarian ideals on college campuses, awarded Thiel its "Alumnus of the Year" award.[159]

In February 2013, Thiel received a TechCrunch Crunchie Award for Venture Capitalist of the Year.[160]

Published books

The Diversity Myth

In 1995, the Independent Institute published The Diversity Myth: Multiculturalism and the Politics of Intolerance at Stanford, which Thiel co-authored along with David O. Sacks, and with a foreword by the late Emory University historian Elizabeth Fox-Genovese.[161] The book is critical of political correctness and multiculturalism in higher education and the consequent dilution of academic rigor. Thiel and Sacks' writings drew criticism from then-Stanford Provost (and later President George W. Bush's National Security Advisor) Condoleezza Rice, with Rice joining then-Stanford President Gerhard Casper in describing Thiel and Sacks' view of Stanford as "a cartoon, not a description of our freshman curriculum"[162] and their commentary as "demagoguery, pure and simple."[163]

In 2016, Thiel apologized for two statements he made in the book: 1) "The purpose of the rape crisis movement seems as much about vilifying men as about raising 'awareness'" and 2) "But since a multicultural rape charge may indicate nothing more than belated regret, a woman might 'realize' that she had been 'raped' the next day or even many days later." He stated: "More than two decades ago, I co-wrote a book with several insensitive, crudely argued statements. As I've said before, I wish I'd never written those things. I'm sorry for it. Rape in all forms is a crime. I regret writing passages that have been taken to suggest otherwise."[164]

Zero to One

In Spring 2012, Thiel taught CS 183: Startup at Stanford University.[165] Notes for the course, taken by student Blake Masters, led to a book titled Zero to One by Thiel and Masters, which was released in September 2014.[166][167][168]

Derek Thompson, writing for The Atlantic, stated Zero to One "might be the best business book I've read". He described it as a "self-help book for entrepreneurs, bursting with bromides" but also as a "lucid and profound articulation of capitalism and success in the 21st century economy."[169]

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20. ^{{cite web|url=http://businessinsider.com/peter-thiel-on-rene-girards-influence-2014-11|first=Richard|last=Feloni|title=Peter Thiel explains how an esoteric philosophy book shaped his worldview|website=Business Insider|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=November 22, 2016}}
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23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peter-thiel-competition-is-for-losers-1410535536|first=Peter|last=Thiel|title=Competition Is for Losers|website=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 12, 2014}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/09/15/trump-thiel-supreme-court/|title=Rumor About Trump's Supreme Court Pick Causes a Stir But Appears Untrue|first=Jeff John|last=Roberts|website=Fortune|date=September 15, 2016}}
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39. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/aug/25/facebook-value-flotation "Shareholder trading values Facebook at more than $33bn" The Guardian – August 25, 2010:] This reference does not confirm Thiel's percentage stake, implied to be 5.2% i.e. 33 divided by 1.7. The 5.2% is also independently asserted in the Facebook section of this Wikipedia article, but without citation. The imputed valuation of Facebook has, also, moved up to $50bn in an early-2011 transaction with Goldman Sachs (Craig, Susanne and Andrew Ross Sorkin, [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/goldman-invests-in-facebook-at-50-billion-valuation/ "Goldman Offering Clients a Chance to Invest in Facebook"], The New York Times Dealbook, January 2, 2011.) A 5.2% share of $50 billion would be worth $2.58 billion. For its part, by March 2010, Forbes had actually reduced its estimate of Thiel's net worth to $1.2 billion ([https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/10/billionaires-2010_Peter-Thiel_J5T8.html #828 on list of world's billionaires]), though the higher Facebook valuation makes this even more undervalued. Footnote expanded 2011-01-11.
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73. ^How Silicon Valley Is Trying to Hack Its Way Into a Longer Life Time
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78. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-30/floating-island-project-pushes-on-without-peter-thiel-s-support Floating Island Project Pushes On, Without Peter Thiel’s Support] Bloomberg
79. ^Milton Friedman’s Grandson to Build Floating Libertarian Nation Chicago
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85. ^{{cite web| title = Peter Thiel Launches Fellowship Program| accessdate = 2010-09-30| url = http://www.silicontap.com/peter_thiel_launches_fellowship_program/s-0031372.html}}
86. ^{{cite web|url =https://www.wsj.com/articles/no-headline-available-1387303362|title =Why a Nonprofit Backs Dropping Out of School|first =Lora|last =Kolodny|website =The Wall Street Journal|date =December 18, 2013}}
87. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.breakoutlabs.org/about-us.html |title=Breakout Labs about page |publisher=Breakoutlabs.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114103546/http://www.breakoutlabs.org/about-us.html |archivedate=November 14, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}
88. ^1 PayPal co-founder’s Breakout Labs issues first grants Nature
89. ^1 [https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2013/04/17/peter-thiels-breakout-labs-turns-more-science-projects-into-businesses/#44b6c1f21d2f Peter Thiel's Breakout Labs Turns More Science Projects Into Businesses] Forbes
90. ^1 [https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/14/breakout-ventures-spun-out-of-peter-thiels-breakout-labs-has-closed-its-debut-fund-with-60m/ Breakout Ventures, spun out of Peter Thiel’s Breakout Labs, has closed its debut fund with $60M] TechCrunch
91. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.breakoutlabs.org/news-events/news-event-item/article/breakout-labs-announces-first-grantees.html| title = Breakout Labs press release on first batch of grantees| accessdate = 2012-06-08| date = 2012-04-17| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120616114659/https://www.breakoutlabs.org/news-events/news-event-item/article/breakout-labs-announces-first-grantees.html| archivedate = June 16, 2012| df = mdy-all}}
92. ^{{cite web|author=Supporters of Press Freedom |url=http://www.cpj.org/about/current-supporters.php |title=Supporters of Press Freedom – About CPJ – Committee to Protect Journalists |publisher=Cpj.org |date= |accessdate=2010-10-16}}
93. ^{{cite book|title =Conspiracy: Peter Thiel, Hulk Hogan, Gawker, and the Anatomy of Intrigue|first =Ryan|last =Holiday|publisher =Penguin Books|date =2018|isbn =9780735217669|page =45}}
94. ^{{cite web|url = http://thielfoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=8|accessdate = 2012-06-08|title = Freedom Project page on Thiel Foundation website|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120525072242/http://thielfoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=8|archivedate = May 25, 2012|df = mdy-all}}
95. ^1 [https://www.thestreet.com/story/11154811/1/peter-thiel-urges-investing-in-human-rights.html Peter Thiel Urges Investing in Human Rights] TheStreet
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/88746174/billionaire-donald-trump-supporter-peter-thiel-sending-more-of-his-mates-our-way|title=Billionaire Donald Trump supporter Peter Thiel sending more of his mates our way|first1=Martin|last=van Beynen|first2=Dasha|last2=Kuprienko|website=Stuff.co.nz|date=January 25, 2017}}
97. ^{{cite news|last1=Cadwalladr|first1=Carole|title=Peter Thiel: 'We attribute too much to luck. Luck is an atheistic word for God'|accessdate=September 21, 2014|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/21/peter-thiel-paypal-luck-atheist-god|date=September 21, 2014|page=8}}
98. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-10-07/peter-thiel-criticizes-harvard-business-school-praises-aspergers|title=Peter Thiel on Creativity: Asperger's Promotes It, Business School Crushes It|newspaper=BusinessWeek|date=October 7, 2014|last=Kitroeff|first=Natalie}}
99. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/23/us/gender-gaps-stanford-94.html?_r=0|title=For Stanford Class of '94, a Gender Gap More Powerful Than the Internet|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 23, 2014|last=Kantor|first=Jodi|authorlink=Jodi Kantor}}
100. ^{{cite web|last=Weisberg|first=Jacob|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/10/turn_on_start_up_drop_out.html|title=Hyper-libertarian Facebook billionaire Peter Thiel's appalling plan to pay students to quit college|website=Slate|date=October 16, 2010}}
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://dailycaller.com/2013/04/13/coulter-norquist-spar-over-immigration-reform/ |title=Coulter, Norquist spar over immigration reform |work =The Daily Caller |date= April 13, 2013|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/daily/2011/05/25/maybe_going_to_college_really_isn_t_the_next_thing_you_should_do |title=Maybe Going to College Really Isn't the Next Thing You Should Do |publisher=The Rush Limbaugh Show |date= May 25, 2011|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}
103. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/fashion/10coulter.html?pagewanted=all |title=Outflanked on Right, Coulter Seeks New Image |work =The New York Times |date= October 8, 2010|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}
104. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.librarything.com/work/11297673 |title=Demonic: How the Liberal Mob Is Endangering America |publisher=Library Thing |date= |accessdate=December 25, 2013}}
105. ^{{cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Ann|title=¡Adios, America! : The Left's Plan to Turn Our Country into a Third World Hell Hole|date=2015|publisher=Regnery Publishing|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9781621576068|oclc=949987257|page=280|quote=Others who have helped with this book, mostly by reading chapters and voting on titles, but in other ways, as well, are: Bill Armistead, Jon Caldara, Peter Brimelow, Rodney Conover, Mallory and Thomas Danaher, David Friedman, James Fulford, Ron Gordon, Kevin Harrington, David Limbaugh, Jay Mann, Jim Moody, Dan Travers, Jon Tukel, Marshall Sella, Peter Thiel, Kelly Victory, and Younis Zubchevich.}}
106. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.minnpost.com/data/2012/11/who-funding-marriage-amendment-fight |title=Who is funding the marriage amendment fight? |work =Minn Post |date= November 1, 2012 |accessdate=December 25, 2013}}
107. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/news/conservative-facebook-investor-funded-anti-acorn-videographer-6687024 |work=Village Voice |title=The Money Trail – Conservative Facebook Investor Funded Anti-ACORN Videographer |author=Steven Thrasher |date=September 22, 2009}}
108. ^{{cite web | url=http://go.bloomberg.com/political-capital/2012-08-20/thiels-1-million-tops-donors-to-club-for-growth-super-pac/ |title=Thiel's $1 Million Tops Donors to Club for Growth Super-PAC| publisher=Bloomberg | author=Gregory Giroux|date=August 20, 2012}}
109. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politicslaw.org/peter-thiel-technology-globalization-economy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506063307/http://www.politicslaw.org/peter-thiel-technology-globalization-economy/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=May 6, 2013|title=Peter Thiel on the Role of Technology and Globalization in Our Economy|work=Politics Law & Economics Blog|first=Aaron|last=Street|date=March 2, 2013|accessdate=2013-12-25}}
110. ^{{cite web|title=Endorsements » Blog Archive » Peter Thiel |accessdate=2008-01-24 |url=http://people.ronpaul2008.com/endorsements/2007/12/22/peter-thiel/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123224151/http://people.ronpaul2008.com/endorsements/2007/12/22/peter-thiel/ |archivedate=January 23, 2008 }}
111. ^Fost, Dan, [https://blogs.forbes.com/danfost/2010/09/17/old-paypals-peter-thiel-backs-meg-whitman/ "Old (Pay)Pals: Peter Thiel backs Meg Whitman"], Forbes blog, 17 September 2010. Retrieved 2011-01-11.
112. ^{{Cite news|last=Selyukh|first=Alina|title=PayPal co-founders fund pro-Paul Super PAC|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/31/us-usa-campaign-spending-paul-idUSTRE80U1OF20120131|accessdate=2012-01-31|newspaper=Reuters|date=2012-01-31}}
113. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/ron-paul-rand-peter-thiel-liberty-tampa-facebook-billionaire-gop-2012-8|title=Rand Paul Is Hanging Out With Facebook Billionaire Peter Thiel At The GOP Convention|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}
114. ^{{Cite news|last=Kim|first=Susanna|title=Billionaire Paypal Co-Founder Peter Thiel on List of Trump Backers|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Business/billionaire-paypal-founder-peter-thiel-list-trump-backers/story?id=39006891|accessdate=2016-05-10|newspaper=ABC News|date=2016-05-10}}
115. ^{{cite web|last1=Selyukh|first1=Alina|title='I Am Proud To Be Gay,' Tech Investor Peter Thiel Tells GOP Convention|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/07/21/486966882/i-am-proud-to-be-gay-tech-investor-peter-thiel-tells-gop-convention|website=NPR|accessdate=July 22, 2016}}
116. ^{{cite web|last=Margolin |first=Emma |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/nbc-out/openly-gay-libertarian-tech-entrepreneur-peter-thiel-speak-rnc-n614191 |title=Peter Thiel Makes History at RNC: 'I'm Proud to be Gay' |publisher=NBC News |date=2016 |accessdate=2016-07-22}}
117. ^{{cite news|last1=Streitfeld|first1=David|title=Peter Thiel to Donate $1.25 Million in Support of Donald Trump|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/16/technology/peter-thiel-donald-j-trump.html|accessdate=October 16, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=October 15, 2016}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/11/fashion/peter-thiel-donald-trump-silicon-valley-technology-gawker.html|title=Peter Thiel, Trump's Tech Pal, Explains Himself|first=Maureen|last=Dowd|website=The New York Times|date=January 11, 2017}}
119. ^{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/11/11/thiel-trump-transition-team/|title=Silicon Valley Investor Peter Thiel Will Join Trump's Transition Team|first=Kia|last=Kokalitcheva|website=Fortune|date=November 11, 2016}}
120. ^1 2 Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions (CampaignMoney.com)* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2000 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=00}}* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2002 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=02}}* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2004 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=04}}* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2006 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=06}}* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2008 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=08}}* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2010 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=10}}* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2012 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=12}}* {{Cite news|title=Peter Thiel Political Campaign Contributions 2014 Election Cycle|url=http://www.campaignmoney.com/political/contributions/peter-thiel.asp?cycle=14}}
121. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/tech/tech-billionaire-thiel-backing-wrestler-hogans-gawker-lawsuit-040625660.html |title=Tech billionaire Thiel helps Hulk Hogan |last1=McBride |first1=Sarah|last2=Somerville |first2=Heather |date=May 25, 2016 |website=Yahoo Tech |access-date=May 26, 2016}}
122. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/08/peter-thiel-just-got-wish-gawker-shutting/|title=Peter Thiel Just Got His Wish: Gawker Is Shutting Down|author=Davey Alba|date=August 18, 2016|work=Wired|accessdate=August 18, 2016}}
123. ^1 2 [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/26/business/dealbook/peter-thiel-tech-billionaire-reveals-secret-war-with-gawker.html Peter Thiel, Tech Billionaire, Reveals Secret War With Gawker] By Andrew Ross Sorkin, The New York Times, May 25, 2016
124. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Thiel|first1=Peter|title=Peter Thiel: The Online Privacy Debate Won't End With Gawker|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/16/opinion/peter-thiel-the-online-privacy-debate-wont-end-with-gawker.html?_r=0|accessdate=August 16, 2016|work=The New York Times|date=August 15, 2016}}
125. ^[https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanmac/2017/01/25/peter-thiel-obtained-new-zealand-citizenship-possibly-because-of-exceptional-circumstances/#637cda313bd9 Peter Thiel Obtained New Zealand Citizenship Possibly Because Of 'Exceptional Circumstances'] Forbes
126. ^{{cite news |title=Tech billionaire Peter Thiel a New Zealand citizen since 2011 |date=January 25, 2017 |first=Matt |last=Nippert |publisher=NZ Herald |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11788688}}
127. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11790034|title=Revealed: How Peter Thiel got New Zealand citizenship|first=Matt Nippert, Francis|last=Cook|date=February 1, 2017|publisher=|via=New Zealand Herald}}
128. ^Matt Nippert, "Facebook billionaire Peter Thiel a Kiwi citizen, owns Wanaka estate", New Zealand Herald, 25 January 2017
129. ^[https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/29/new-zealand-releases-peter-thiel-citizenship-details.html Peter Thiel got New Zealand citizenship after spending 12 days there in five years] CNBC
130. ^David Streitfeld and Jacqueline Williams,[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/01/business/peter-thiel-new-zealand-citizenship.html New Zealand Is ‘the Future,’ Peter Thiel Said in His Push for Citizenship, 1 Feb 2017]
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132. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11883554|title=Controversial billionaire Peter Thiel made a Kiwi after two-week holiday|first=Matt Nippert Business investigations reporter, NZ Herald matt nippert@nzherald co nz|last=@MattNippert|date=June 29, 2017|publisher=|via=www.nzherald.co.nz}}
133. ^1 {{Cite web |url=https://theintercept.com/2017/02/01/billionaire-trump-adviser-peter-thiel-bought-his-new-zealand-citizenship-documents-show/ |title=Billionaire Trump Adviser Peter Thiel Bought His New Zealand Citizenship, Documents Show |last=Biddle |first=Sam |date=February 2, 2017 |work=The Intercept}}
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147. ^{{cite web|url =https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9901-fwccm2016.html|title =Magnus Carlsen retained the title|author =Staff writer(s)|publisher =FIDE|date =November 30, 2016}}
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149. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/926|title=Peter Thiel|publisher=Charlie Rose|accessdate=2010-10-16|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012044655/http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/926|archivedate=October 12, 2010|df=mdy-all}}
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Bibliography

  • {{citation|first=George|last=Packer|title=The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|date=2013|isbn=978-0374102418}}

External links

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