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词条 Búfalos
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  1. References

Búfalos ('The Buffaloes') is the name attributed to paramilitary squads connected to the APRA Party in Peru, originating in the 1930s.[1][2][3][4] The name of the group was taken from Manuel 'Bufálo' Barreto, who had led an attack on the O'Donovan military base in 1932.[1] Búfalos have traditionally acted as bodyguards of APRA leaders.[5] In the discourse of APRA chief Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre, búfalos would be responsible for crowd control during mass rallies.[6]Búfalos were first organized by the then APRA general secretary Armando Villanueva.[7][8] Búfalos carried arm-bands with the five-point star party symbol.[9]

The height of búfalo activism was during the formative years of the party, 1930-1948, as búfalo cells engaged in assassinations and acts of terror.[10] As the APRA party came under attack from the military, búfalos conducted counter-attacks (including the high-profile assassination of Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro in 1933).[11] Bufálos also used to intimidate leftist trade unionists and intellectuals.[12] The groups also organized local protection rackets.[13] In the coastal plantation areas, búfalos engaged in violent strike-breaking.[14]

Búfalo activity did however continue, allegedly during election campaigns in the 1960s.[3] When Alan García took over as APRA general secretary in 1982, he began curbing búfalo activities in a move to clean up the image of the party.[15]

The fact that APRA maintained paramilitary violent shock troops during the interwar era has been cited as an indication amongst scholars that APRA could be classified as a fascist party during that period.[16][17] It has also been argued that the búfalo experience of 1930-1948 provided the 1980s Sendero Luminoso guerrilla movement with an endogenous model for 'People's War' in Peru.[10]

References

{{Portal|Peru|History}}
1. ^1 Rosas Lauro, Claudia. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5WXhN_MmJ-4C&pg=PA259 El miedo en el Perú: siglos XVI al XX]. Lima: Pontificia Univ. Católica del Perú, Fondo Ed.[u.a.], 2005. p. 259
2. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=JAEUAQAAMAAJ Inter-American Economic Affairs], Vol. 18. Inter-American Affairs Press, 1964. p. 41
3. ^1 Hilliker, Grant. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y21QAAAAMAAJ The Politics of Reform in Peru; The Aprista and Other Mass Parties of Latin America]. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971. p. 108
4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=pDovAQAAIAAJ ISLA], Vol. 19. I.S.L.A., 1979. p. 317
5. ^Alcántara Sáez, Manuel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PHplMy29BggC&pg=PA444 Partidos políticos de América Latina - Países Andinos]. Salamanca: Ed. Univ. de Salamanca, 2001. p. 444
6. ^Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nx5xAAAAMAAJ El plan del aprismo, programa de gobierno de Partido aprista peruano]. Lima: Editorial Libertad, 1933. p. 50
7. ^González Casanova, Pablo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Np1LkHW290YC&pg=PA362 El Estado en América Latina: teoría y práctica]. México, D.F.: Siglo Veintiuno Editores, 1990. p. 362
8. ^Griffin Sanders, Thomas, and Howard Handelman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-1hQflF0oyEC&pg=PA133 Military Government and the Movement Toward Democracy in South America]. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Pr, 1981. pp. 130, 133
9. ^Szulc, Tad. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4FnaiGG1MiMC Twilight of the Tyrants]. [New York]: Holt, 1959. p. 175
10. ^1 Castro, Daniel de. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5s4263Q-xGgC&pg=PA176 Revolution and Revolutionaries: Guerrilla Movements in Latin America]. London: SR Books, 1999. p. 176
11. ^Cockcroft, James D. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rUGFqxW_zHQC&pg=PA531 América Latina y Estados Unidos: historia y política país por país]. México: Siglo XXi, 2001. p. 531
12. ^Griffin Sanders, Thomas, and Howard Handelman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-1hQflF0oyEC&pg=PA120 Military Government and the Movement Toward Democracy in South America]. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Pr, 1981. p. 120
13. ^Bethell, Leslie. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cbhOISlOv3MC&pg=PA448 The Cambridge History of Latin America 8 Latin America Since 1930 : Spanish South America]. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991. p. 448
14. ^Weaver, Kathleen, and Magda Portal. [https://books.google.com/books?id=viOmLKaPwiAC&pg=PA143 Peruvian Rebel: The World of Magda Portal, with a Selection of Her Poems]. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009. p. 143
15. ^Gunson, Phil, Andrew Thompson, and Greg Chamberlain. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tU0OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA49 The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America]. New York: Macmillan Pub. Co, 1989. p. 49
16. ^Laqueur, Walter. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2s8OaLD7y_oC&pg=PA283 Fascism: A Reader's Guide : Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. pp. 282-283
17. ^Griffin, Roger. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fcn5ZtaPc7oC&pg=PA149 The Nature of Fascism]. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. p. 149
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3 : Military wings of political parties|History of Peru|Military units and formations established in the 1930s
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