| 词条 | Petrocurrency |
| 释义 |
Petrocurrency, is a neologism used with three distinct meanings, often confused:
Oil producers' trading surpluses{{Main|Petrodollar recycling}}"Petrocurrency" or (more commonly) "petrodollars" are popular shorthand for revenues from petroleum exports, mainly from the OPEC members plus Russia and Norway. Especially during periods of historically expensive oil, the associated financial flows can reach a scale of hundreds of billions of US dollar-equivalents per year – including a wide range of transactions in a variety of currencies, some pegged to the US dollar and some not.[4][5] Currencies correlated with oil pricesThe pound sterling has sometimes been regarded as a petrocurrency as a result of North Sea oil exports.[6] The Dutch guilder was once regarded as a petrocurrency due to its large quantities of natural gas and North Sea oil exports. The Dutch Guilder strengthened greatly in the 1970s, after OPEC began a series of price hikes throughout the decade that consequently increased the value of all oil producing nations' currencies. However, as a result of the appreciation of the Guilder, industrial manufacturing and services in the Netherlands during the 1970s and into the 1980s were crowded out of the larger national economy, and the country became increasingly non-competitive on world markets due to the high cost of Dutch industrial and service exports . This phenomenon is often referred to in economics literature as Dutch disease. The Canadian dollar is increasingly viewed as a petrocurrency in the 21st Century.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Generally speaking, as the price of oil rises, oil-related export revenues rise for an oil exporting nation, and thus constitute a larger monetary component of exports. Thus it has been for Canada. As their oil sands deposits have been increasingly exploited and sold on the international market, movements of the Canadian dollar have become increasingly correlated with the price of oil. For example, the exchange rate of Canadian dollars for Japanese yen (99% of Japan's oil is imported) is 85% correlated with crude prices. As long as oil exports remain a strong component of Canada’s exports, oil prices will influence the value of the Canadian dollar. If the share of oil and gas exports increases further, the link between oil prices and the exchange rate may become even stronger.[7] Currencies used to trade oilAs the world's dominant reserve currency the United States dollar has been a major currency for trading oil (sometimes the term 'Petrodollar' is mistakenly used to refer to this concept).[8][9] In August 2018, Venezuela joined the group of countries that allow their oil to be purchased in currencies other than US Dollars, thus allowing purchases in Euros, Yuan and other directly convertible currencies.[10] Other nations that permit this include Iran.[11] World War II to 1970After WWII, international oil prices were for some time based on discounts or premiums relative to that for oil in the Gulf of Mexico.[12] After the Bretton Woods conference in the year 1944, the UK and its allies discontinued linking their currencies with gold; however, the US dollar continued to be pegged to gold, at $35 per ounce -- from 1941 to 1971. 1970 to 2000President Nixon cancelled the fixed-rate convertibility of US dollars to gold in 1971. In the absence of fixed value convertibility to gold, compared to other currencies, the US dollar subsequently deteriorated in value for several years, making fixed USD to local currency exchange rates unsustainable for most countries.[13]Since the agreements[14] of 1971 and 1973, OPEC oil is generally quoted in US dollars, sometimes referred to as petrodollars. In October 1973, OPEC declared an oil embargo in response to the United States' and Western Europe's support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Iran{{See also|Central Bank of Iran#Payment systems}}Since the beginning of 2003, Iran has required payment in euros for exports to Asia and Europe. The government opened an Iranian Oil Bourse on the free trade zone on the island of Kish,[15][16] for the express purpose of trading oil priced in other currencies, including euros. OPEC and shale oil boomThe tight oil (shale oil) boom in the USA starting in the early 2000s through 2010s (as well as increased production capacity in many other countries) greatly limited OPEC's ability to control oil prices.[17][18] Consequently, due to a drastic fall in Nymex crude oil price to as low as $35.35 dollars per barrel in 2015, many oil-exporting countries have had severe problems in balancing their budget. {{quotation|Thirty years from now there will be a huge amount of oil – and no buyers. Oil will be left in the ground. The Stone Age came to an end, not because we had a lack of stones, and the oil age will come to an end not because we have a lack of oil.|Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani, former oil minister of Saudi Arabia and an active minister in OPEC for 25 years, in 2000[19] }} By 2016, many oil exporting countries had been adversely affected by low oil prices including Russia, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan, Venezuela and Nigeria.[20][21] Venezuela{{Main|Petro (cryptocurrency)}}The petro, or petromoneda,[22] launched in February 2018, is a cryptocurrency developed by the government of Venezuela.[23][24] Announced in December 2017, it is claimed to be backed by the country's oil and mineral reserves, and it is intended to supplement Venezuela's plummeting bolívar fuerte currency, purportedly as a means of circumventing U.S. sanctions and accessing international financing.[25] ChinaIn March 2018, China opened a futures market denominated in Yuan which could encourage the use of its currency as a petrocurrency.[26] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |title=Definition of 'petrodollars' |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/petrodollars.asp |website=www.investopedia.com |publisher=Investopedia |accessdate=19 October 2018}} 2. ^{{cite news |last1=Amadeo |first1=Kimberley |title=Petrodollar and the system that created it |url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-petrodollar-3306358 |accessdate=19 October 2018 |publisher=The Balance |date=2 August 2018}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=US dollars no longer a quote currency in Venezuela |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/18/c_137540829.htm |accessdate=19 October 2018 |publisher=Xinhua Net |date=18 October 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web |last=Nsouli |first=Saleh M. |title=Petrodollar Recycling and Global Imbalances |url=http://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2015/09/28/04/53/sp032306a |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=March 23, 2006 |accessdate=January 14, 2017}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21553424 |title=Petrodollar Profusion |newspaper=The Economist |date=April 28, 2012 |accessdate=February 7, 2016}} 6. ^Sterling and the EMS In for a penny 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.ubc.ca/2015/04/16/is-the-canadian-dollar-a-petrocurrency/|title=Is the Canadian dollar a petrocurrency?|work=UBC News}} 8. ^https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/oct/06/oil-us-dollar-threat-to-america 9. ^https://www.ft.com/content/27a6a302-02eb-11e8-9650-9c0ad2d7c5b5 10. ^{{cite news |title=US dollars no longer a quote currency in Venezuela |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-10/18/c_137540829.htm |accessdate=19 October 2018 |publisher=Xinhua Net |date=18 October 2018}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Cooper |first1=Andrew Scott |title=The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East |date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=9781439155189 |accessdate=19 October 2018}} 12. ^Adelman, M. A. (1972). The World Petroleum Market, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, Chapter 5. 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://inflationdata.com/articles/2014/05/30/oil-petrodollars-gold/|title= Oil, Petrodollars and Gold|accessdate=17 November 2015}} 14. ^{{Cite news |last=Wong |first=Andrea |date=May 30, 2016 |title=The Untold Story Behind Saudi Arabia's 41-Year U.S. Debt Secret |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-05-30/the-untold-story-behind-saudi-arabia-s-41-year-u-s-debt-secret |work=Bloomberg News |access-date=17 July 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2199/html/economy.htm|title=Kish Oil Exchange Planned|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=January 24, 2006|website=Iran-Daily.com|publisher=Iran Daily|access-date=|quote=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517160248/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2199/html/economy.htm|archivedate=May 17, 2006|df=}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HC22Ak01.html|title=A frenzied Persian new year|date=March 22, 2006|work=Asia Times}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://qz.com/391283/if-opec-dead-how-is-saudi-arabia-still-calling-the-shots-in-the-oil-market/|title= If OPEC is dead, how is Saudi Arabia still calling the shots in the oil market?|accessdate=17 November 2015}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/business/energy-environment/new-balance-of-power.html |title= New Balance of Power |work=The New York Times |access-date=17 July 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web |last=Hinckley |first=Elias |date=January 20, 2015 |title= Everything Has Changed: Oil and the End of OPEC |url=http://www.energytrendsinsider.com/2015/01/20/everything-has-changed-oil-and-the-end-of-opec/ |publisher=Energy Trends Insider |access-date=17 July 2018}} 20. ^https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-35345874 21. ^http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC101562/jrc101562_impact%20of%20low%20oil%20prices%2020160512.pdf 22. ^{{cite web|first=Michele|last=Norris|date=17 December 2008|title=Contango In Oil Markets Explained|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=98410267}} 23. ^[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3119606 Cryptocurrencies as Asset-Backed Instruments: The Venezuelan Petro]. Banking and Insurance eJournal. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed 18 February 2018. 24. ^(20 February 2018). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/20/venezuela-launches-the-petro-its-cryptocurrency/ Venezuela launches the ‘petro,’ its cryptocurrency]. Retrieved 3 March 2018. 25. ^{{cite news|last1=Helms|first1=Kevin|title=Venezuela Considers Selling Its ”Oil-Backed” Cryptocurrency With a 60% Discount |url= https://news.bitcoin.com/venezuela-considers-selling-its-oil-backed-cryptocurrency-with-a-60-discount |accessdate=8 February 2018|work=Bitcoin News| date=17 January 2018}} 26. ^https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-03-25/mnuchin-cautiously-hopeful-china-trade-deal-can-be-reached External links
4 : Foreign exchange market|Petroleum economics|Petroleum politics|Monetary hegemony |
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