“Petunia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Petunia is genus of 20 species^[1] of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word petun, meaning "tobacco," from a Tupi–Guarani language. An annual, most of the varieties seen in gardens are hybrids (Petunia × atkinsiana, also known as Petunia × hybrida).

Taxonomy

Species

Ecology

Petunias are generally insect pollinated, with the exception of P. exserta, which is a rare, red-flowered, hummingbird-pollinated species. Most petunias are diploid with 14 chromosomes and are interfertile with other petunia species.^[8]^[9]

The tubular flowers are favoured by some Lepidoptera species, including the Hummingbird hawk moth.^[10] The flowers are eaten by the larvae of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni.^[11]

Cultivation

Petunias can tolerate relatively harsh conditions and hot climates. They need at least five hours of sunlight every day and flourish in moist soil and conditions of low atmospheric humidity. They are best grown from seed. Watering once a week should be sufficient in most regions. Hanging baskets and other containers need more frequent watering.^[12] Maximum growth occurs in late spring. Applying fertilizer monthly or weekly, depending on the variety, will help the plant grow quickly. Petunias can be cultivated in hanging baskets.

In horticulture many terms are used to denote different types of cultivated petunias. These include Grandiflora, Multiflora, Wave (Spreading), Supertunia, Cascadia, and Surfinia.

Uses

Many species other than Petunia × atkinsiana are also gaining popularity in the home garden.^[13] A wide range of flower colours, sizes, and plant architectures are available in both Petunia × atkinsiana and other species, listed below:^[14]

Symbolism and folklore

The Maya and Inca believed that the scent of petunias had the power to ward off underworld monsters and spirits. Their flower-buds were bunched together for magical drinks. According to New Age folklore, Petunias will only thrive where there is "positive energy" and will not grow in places where there is "negativity".^[15]

When given as a gift, Petunias have ( in the language of flowers ) two mutually exclusive meanings, symbolising on the one hand being comfortable with someone,^[16] and on the other anger and resentment.^[17]

Gallery

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=The plant list: Petunia|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=petunia|access-date=17 March 2018|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Kew and Missouri Botanic Garden }}
2. ^“Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Family Solanaceae”. Natural Resources Conservation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009. Web. July 8, 2009.
3. ^The Plant List: Petunia
4. ^Ando, T, Kokubun, H., Marchesi, E., Suárez, E. & Basualdo, I. 2005. Phylogenetic Analysis of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) using Chloroplast DNA RFLP. Ann. Bot. 96(2): 289 - 297.
5. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Mishiba | first1 = Kei-Ichiro | last2 = Ando | first2 = Toshio | last3 = Mii | first3 = Masahiro | last4 = Watanabe | first4 = Hitoshi | last5 = Kokubun | first5 = Hisashi | last6 = Hashimoto | first6 = Goro | last7 = Marchesi | first7 = Eduardo | year = 2000 | title = Nuclear DNA Content as an Index Character Discriminating Taxa in the Genus Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) | url = http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/85/5/665 | journal = Ann Bot | volume = 85 | issue = | pages = 665–673 }}
6. ^The Value of Growing Petchoa SuperCal®. Ornamental News Oct 25 2012
7. ^{{citation |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=petunia |title=The Plant List |accessdate=13 September 2015}}
8. ^Ando, T., Nomura, M. Tsukahara, J., Watanabe, H., Kokubun, H., Tsukamoto, T., Hashimoto, G., Marchesi, E., Kitching, I.(2001) Reproductive isolation in a native population of Petunia sensu Jussieu (Solanaceae) Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 88:403–413.
9. ^Griesbach, R.J.(2007) in Flower breeding and genetics: Issues, challenges and opportunities for the 21st century, Petunia, ed Anderson N.O. (Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands), pp 301–336.
10. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20100620032455/http://butterfly-conservation.org/uploads/Humming-bird_Hawk-moth.pdf Butterfly Conservation]
11. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 18484139 | doi=10.1007/s10886-008-9444-0 | volume=34 | title=Colored and white sectors from star-patterned petunia flowers display differential resistance to corn earworm and cabbage looper larvae | journal=J Chem Ecol | pages=757–65 | last1 = Johnson | first1 = ET | last2 = Berhow | first2 = MA | last3 = Dowd | first3 = PF| url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=22813&content=PDF }}
12. ^Brown, Deborah. “Growing Petunias” University of Minnesota Extension Office. University of Minnesota. 2009. Web. 25 June 2009. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1120.html
13. ^Allan M. Armitage, Armitage's Manual of Annuals, Biennials, and Half-Hardy Perennials (Portland: Timber Press, 2001).
14. ^¹Ellis, Barbara W. Taylor's Guide to Annuals. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1999. Print.
15. ^{{cite web|title=Complete Guide: How to Plant Petunias|url=https://www.jparkers.co.uk/news/complete-guide-how-to-plant-petunias/|website=J. Parker's|accessdate=22 May 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Petunia Flower: Its Meanings and Symbolism|url=http://www.flowermeaning.com/petunia/|website=Flower Meaning|accessdate=22 May 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Petunia Flower – Meaning, Symbolism and Colors|url=https://flowermeanings.org/petunia-flower-meaning/|website=Flower Meanings|accessdate=22 May 2018}}