| 词条 | Californium compounds |
| 释义 |
Few compounds of californium have been made and studied.[1] The only californium ion that is stable in aqueous solutions is the californium(III) cation.{{sfn|CRC|2006|p=4-8}} The other two oxidation states are IV (strong oxidizing agents) and II (strong reducing agents).{{sfn|Jakubke|1994|p=166}} The element forms a water-soluble chloride, nitrate, perchlorate, and sulfate and is precipitated as a fluoride, oxalate or hydroxide.{{sfn|Seaborg|2004}} If problems of availability of the element could be overcome, then CfBr2 and CfI2 would likely be stable.{{sfn|Greenwood|1997|p=1272}} The +3 oxidation state is represented by californium(III) oxide (yellow-green, Cf2O3), californium(III) fluoride (bright green, CfF3) and californium(III) iodide (lemon yellow, CfI3).{{sfn|Jakubke|1994|p=166}} Other +3 oxidation states include the sulfide and metallocene.{{sfn|Cotton|1999|p=1163}} Californium(IV) oxide (black brown, CfO2), californium(IV) fluoride (green, CfF4) represent the IV oxidation state. The II state is represented by californium(II) bromide (yellow, CfBr2) and californium(II) iodide (dark violet, CfI2).{{sfn|Jakubke|1994|p=166}} CompoundsCalifornium(IV) oxide (CfO2) is a black-brown solid that has a cubic crystal structure with a lattice parameter, the distance between unit cells in the crystal, of 531.0 ± 0.2 pm.[2] Crystals of californium(III) oxide normally have a body-centered cubic symmetry. They convert to a monoclinic form upon heating to about 1400 °C and melt at 1750 °C.[2] Californium(III) chloride (CfCl3) is an emerald green compound with a hexagonal structure that can be prepared by reacting Cf2O3 with hydrochloric acid at 500 °C.{{sfn|Cunningham|1968|p=105}} CfCl3 is then used as a feeder stock to form the yellow-orange triiodide CfI3, which in turn can be reduced to the lavender-violet diiodide CfI2.[3] Californium(III) fluoride (CfF3) is a yellow-green solid with a crystal symmetry that gradually changes from orthorhombic to trigonal when heated above room temperature.[4] Californium(IV) fluoride (CfF4) is a bright green solid with a monoclinic crystal structure.[5] Californium(II) iodide (CfI2) is a deep purple solid with a stable rhombohedral structure at room temperature and an unstable hexagonal structure. Californium(III) iodide (CfI3) is a lemon-yellow solid that has a rhombohedral structure and sublimes at ~800 °C.[6] Californium(III) oxyfluoride (CfOF) is prepared by hydrolysis of californium(III) fluoride (CfF3) at high temperature.[7] Californium(III) oxychloride (CfOCl) is prepared by hydrolysis of the hydrate of californium(III) chloride at 280–320 °C.[8] Heating the sulfate in air at about 1200 °C and then reducing with hydrogen at 500 °C produces the sesquioxide (Cf2O3).{{sfn|Cunningham|1968|p=105}} The hydroxide Cf(OH)3 and the trifluoride CfF3 are slightly soluble.{{sfn|Cunningham|1968|p=105}} Californium(III) oxychloride (CfOCl) was the first californium compound to be discovered.[9]Californium(III) polyborate is unusual in that californium is covalently bound to the borate.[10]Californium is the second-heaviest element for which an organometallic compound is known. Cp3Cf (Cp = C5H5) was prepared from reaction of Cp2Be and CfCl3 on microgram scale and characterized by X-ray crystallography.[11] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Krebs|first=Robert|title=The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33438-2|location=Westport, Connecticut|pages=327–328}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal|first=R. D.|last=Baybarz|author2=Haire, R. G. |author3=Fahey, J. A |title=On the Californium Oxide System|journal=Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|year=1972|volume=34|issue=2|pages=557–565|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(72)80435-4}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry|last=Cotton|first=Simon| publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=West Sussex, England|year=2006|isbn=978-0-470-01006-8|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvAbtU6XvzgC&lpg=PP1&dq=Lanthanide%20and%20Actinide%20Chemistry&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q}} 4. ^{{cite journal|first=J. N.|last=Stevenson|author2=Peterson, J. R.|title=The Trigonal and Orthorhombic Crystal Structures of CfF3 and their Temperature Relationship|journal=Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|year=1973|volume=35|issue=10|pages=3481–3486|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(73)80356-2}} 5. ^{{cite journal|first=C-T. P.|last=Chang|author2=Haire, R. G. |author3=Nave, S. E. |title=Magnetic Susceptibility of Californium Fluorides|journal=Physical Review B|year=1990|volume=41|issue=13|pages=9045–9048|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.41.9045|bibcode = 1990PhRvB..41.9045C |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233719/files/article.pdf}} 6. ^{{cite book|first=J. E.|last=Macintyre|author2=Daniel, F. M. |author3=Stirling, V. M. |title=Dictionary of inorganic compounds|publisher=Chapman and Hall, CRC Press|location=London|year=1992|isbn=978-0-412-30120-9|page=2826}} 7. ^{{cite journal|first=J. R.|last= Peterson|author2=Burns, John H.|title=Preparation and Crystal Structure of Californium Oxyfluoride, CfOF|journal=Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|year=1968|volume=30|issue=11|pages=2955–2958|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(68)80155-1}} 8. ^{{cite journal|first=J. C.|last=Copeland|author2=Cunningham, B. B.|title=Crystallography of the Compounds of Californium. II. Crystal Structure and Lattice Parameters of Californium Oxychloride and Californium Sesquioxide|journal=Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry|year=1969|volume=31|pages=733–740|issue=3|doi=10.1016/0022-1902(69)80020-5}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Seaborg|first1=Glenn T.|title=Man-Made Transuranium Elements|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1963}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Unusual structure, bonding, and properties may provide a new possibility for a californium borate|url=http://phys.org/news/2015-06-unusual-bonding-properties-possibility-californium.html|accessdate=29 July 2015|date=1 June 2015}} 11. ^{{cite journal|first=Peter G.|last=Laubereau|author2=Burns, John H.|title=Microchemical preparation of tricyclopentadienyl compounds of berkelium, californium, and some lanthanide elements|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|year=1970|volume=9|pages=1091–1095|issue=5|doi=10.1021/ic50087a018}} Bibliography
|last = Cotton|first = F. Albert |author2=Wilkinson, Geoffrey |author3=Murillo, Carlos A. |author4=Bochmann, Manfred |title = Advanced Inorganic Chemistry |edition = 6th |year = 1999 |publisher = John Wiley & Sons |location = New York City |isbn = 0-471-19957-5 |chapter = |pages = |ref = CITEREFCotton1999}}
|author = CRC contributors |title = Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |editor = David R. Lide |edition = 87th |year = 2006 |publisher = CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |location = Boca Raton, Florida |isbn = 0-8493-0487-3 |ref = CITEREFCRC2006}}
|title = The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements |publisher = Reinhold Book Corporation |location = New York City |year = 1968 |editor = Clifford A. Hampel |id = LCCN 68-29938 |last = Cunningham |first = B. B. |chapter = Californium |pages= |ref = CITEREFCunningham1968 }}
|last = Greenwood |first = N. N. |author2=Earnshaw, A. |title = Chemistry of the Elements |edition = 2nd |publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann |location = Oxford, England |year = 1997 |isbn = 0-7506-3365-4 |page = |chapter = |ref = CITEREFGreenwood1997}}
|others = trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary |editor1-first = Hans-Dieter|editor1-last=Jakubke |editor2-first = Hans|editor2-last = Jeschkeit |title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry |publisher = Walter de Gruyter |location = Berlin |year = 1994 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&printsec=frontcover |isbn = 3-11-011451-8 |ref = CITEREFJakubke1994}}
|last = Seaborg|first = Glenn T. |encyclopedia = Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry |title = Californium |editor = Geller, Elizabeth |publisher = McGraw-Hill |location = New York City |year = 2004 |isbn = 0-07-143953-6 |page = 94 |ref=CITEREFSeaborg2004 }} 1 : Californium compounds |
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