“Phase Pardhi”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Phase Pardhi

释义

History
Present day distribution
Language
Culture
Criminal Branding
Discrimination
See also
References
External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}Pardhi is a tribe in India. The tribe is found mostly in Maharashtra and parts of Madhya Pradesh however small numbers can be found in Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. The word Pardhi is derived from the Marathi (state language) word ‘Paradh’ which means hunting and Sanskrit word ‘papardhi’ which means hunting or the game to be hunted. In some parts of India Pardhis are known as Meywarees. They also have various other names like Advichincher, Phans Pardhi, Phanse Pardhi, Langoli Pardhi, Bahelia, Bahellia, Chita Pardhi, Shikari, Takankar, Takia Pardhi. Pardhi tribe is divided in groups like Vaghri Pardhi and Phase Pardhi. These are further divided into subgroups like Pal Pardhi, Gav Pardhi, Takankar, Takari. Widely found surnames among them include Chauhan (Chavan), Rathod and Solanke.^[1]

History

. The Pardhis have common surnames like Pawar, Sindiya, Chauhan (Chavan). They originated from Rajasthan. From Rajasthan they migrated to Maharashtra and other states through Gujarat.^[2]

While in Gujarat, they took up Gujarati culture. They intermixed with Gujarati community and started speaking their language and also started worshipping Khodiyar Mata as their Kuldevi.

Present day distribution

According to the 1901 census the total number of Pardhi population was 12,214 of which 6,320 men and 5,894 women. During the same period in the state of Madhya Pradesh in the cities of Bhopal, Raisen and Sehore the total population of Pardhis were 1831. In the same state Bahelias and Chitas are also grouped with Pardhis. According to the 1981 census their number is 8066. In Gujarat in 1981 census, Pardhi population is 814. In Maharashtra the Pardhi population is 95,115 (census data, 1981). According to 2001 census the total population o f Pardhis in Maharashtra is 1, 59,875. They are mainly spread over the districts of Amravati (20,568) Akola (17578) Buldhana (16428) Jalgaon (16849) Yavatmal (8129) Osmanabad (9959) Pune (7230) and the other districts they are scattered. The Pardhi population data o f Mumbai is not available in the census record.^[2]

Language

Pardhis speak mixed dialects of Rajasthani and Gujarati mainly Wagdi language and Pardhi language. These languages are grouped in Bhil languages of western Indo-Aryan language group. The Bhil languages form a link midway between the Gujarati language and the Rajasthani–Marwari languages. Pardhi language is a spoken language which is North Bareli dialect of Bhil languages. It is an important language of the community. Apart from Pardhi language they speak Gujarati, Rajasthani, Kanarese, Telugu, Marathi, Marwari, Ahirani languages depending on their location.^[2]

Culture

Criminal Branding

Pardhis were prolific hunters. They were experts in ancient weaponry like Bows & arrows, swords and hunting traps. This made them highly efficient in guerrilla warfare. They were a nuisance for the British Empire along with other 150 Tribes of India who participated in 1857 revolt. There were numerous other revolts against British by these tribal communities. To keep these tribal communities in check, British Brought the Criminal Tribes Act and branded these tribes as criminals from birth. The criminal branding of the tribe goes back to 1871 after the British passed the "Criminal Tribes Act". About a hundred and fifty tribes were branded as criminal, and the police were given sweeping powers to arrest them and watch over their movements.

T. V. Stephens, a British officer at that time quoted:

"... people from time immemorial have been pursuing the caste system defined job-positions: weaving, carpentry and such were hereditary jobs. So there must have been hereditary criminals also who pursued their forefathers’ profession."

Volume XII of the 1880 Bombay Presidency Gazette has further comments about the group stating:

"They are still fond of hunting and poaching and have not got rid of their turn for thieving.... The Phase Pardhi [a sub-tribe] is nearly always ragged and dirty, walking with a sneaking gait."

In 1952, the tribe was denotified as "criminal" and named as a nomadic tribe. However this has not changed the public perception of the tribe, and they continue to be stigmatized and live as outcasts, further aggravating their economic hardships.^[3]^[4]

Another Paradhi tribe called the Gav-Paradhi, settled primarily in the Amravati District Maharashtra, escaped the label of 'criminal tribe' as they were mostly agriculturalists.

Discrimination

Despite being exonerated by the Indian government, the community is still perceived to be indulging in criminal activities. Public pressure often prevents the nomadic community from settling in villages. They are an easy target for the privileged class. There are various cases of Pardhi women being raped and Pardhi men used as a scapegoat in crimes involving big names. There are cases of Pardhi men being arrested by police on false accusations to extort money for their release.

Nowadays, most of the settled Pardhis do agriculture due to strict imposition on ban on hunting and poaching. The nomads go door to door to sell inexpensive items, handicrafts or food items. Major proportion of the child beggars of Mumbai belong to the Pardhi community. Stigma coupled with the lack of education has essentially crippled the community.

References

1. ^History of Paradhis ambedkar.org
2. ^¹²{{Cite journal|last=Ganga|first=Shodh|date=|title=Ethnography of Pardhi adivasis|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/183444/15/11_chapter%203.pdf|journal=Chapter III|volume=|pages=|via=}}
3. ^Bania Arrested for Spying by Dilip D'Souza. Rediff.com, 18 January 2003.
4. ^Injustice, go away: Phase Pardhis are one of India's denotified tribes but the authorities and society in general continue to think of them as criminals The Hindu, Sunday, 1 June 2003.

External links

Criminal Tribes of India – History of Paradhis

4 : Ethnic groups in India|Social groups of Maharashtra|Social groups of Madhya Pradesh|Denotified tribes of India

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