| 词条 | Phenome |
| 释义 |
A phenome is the set of all phenotypes expressed by a cell, tissue, organ, organism, or species. Just as the genome and proteome signify all of an organism's genes and proteins, the phenome represents the sum total of its phenotypic traits. Examples of human phenotypic traits are skin color, eye color, body height, or specific personality characteristics.{{Dubious|date=September 2016}} Although any phenotype of any organism has a basis in its genotype, phenotypic expression may be influenced by environmental influences, mutation, and genetic variation such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or a combination of these factors. Phenomics is the study of the phenome and how it is determined, particularly when studied in relation to the set of all genes (genomics) or all proteins (proteomics). Origin and usageThe term was first used by Davis in 1949, "We here propose the name phenome for the sum total of extragenic, non-autoreproductive portions of the cell, whether cytoplasmic or nuclear. The phenome would be the material basis of the phenotype, just as the genome is the material basis of the genotype."[1] Although phenome has been in use for many years, the distinction between the use of phenome and phenotype is problematic. A proposed definition for both terms as the "physical totality of all traits of an organism or of one of its subsystems" was put forth by Mahner and Kary in 1997, who argue that although scientists tend to intuitively use these and related terms in a manner that does not impede research, the terms are not well defined and usage of the terms is not consistent.[2] Some usages of the term suggest that the phenome of a given organism is best understood as a kind of matrix of data representing physical manifestation of phenotype. For example, discussions led by A.Varki among those who had used the term up to 2003 suggested the following definition: “The body of information describing an organism's phenotypes, under the influences of genetic and environmental factors”.[3] Another team of researchers characterize "the human phenome [as] a multidimensional search space with several neurobiological levels, spanning the proteome, cellular systems (e.g., signaling pathways), neural systems and cognitive and behavioural phenotypes."[4] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |author=Davis BD |title=The Isolation of Biochemically Deficient Mutants of Bacteria by Means of Penicillin |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |date=January 1949 |pmid=16588845 |pmc=1062948 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.35.1.1}} 2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Loeffler M, Bratke T, Paulus U, Li YQ, Potten CS |title=Clonality and life cycles of intestinal crypts explained by a state dependent stochastic model of epithelial stem cell organization |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |volume=186 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |date=May 1997 |pmid=9176636 |doi=10.1006/jtbi.1996.0340 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5193(96)90340-9}} 3. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Varki A, Altheide TK |title=Comparing the human and chimpanzee genomes: searching for needles in a haystack |journal=Genome Research |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=1746–58 |date=December 2005 |pmid=16339373 |doi=10.1101/gr.3737405 }} 4. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Siebner HR, Callicott JH, Sommer T, Mattay VS |title=From the genome to the phenome and back: linking genes with human brain function and structure using genetically informed neuroimaging |journal=Neuroscience |volume=164 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |date=November 2009 |pmid=19751805 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.09.009 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306-4522(09)01484-5 |pmc=3013363}} External links
4 : Systems biology|Bioinformatics|Omics|Phenomics |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。