| 词条 | Phenomenon |
| 释义 |
A phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενον, phainómenon, from the verb phainein, to show, shine, appear, to be manifest or manifest itself, plural phenomena)[1] is any thing which manifests itself. Phenomena are often, but not always, understood as "things that appear" or "experiences" for a sentient being, or in principle may be so. The term came into its modern philosophical usage through Immanuel Kant, who contrasted it with the noumenon. In contrast to a phenomenon, a noumenon cannot be directly observed. Kant was heavily influenced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in this part of his philosophy, in which phenomenon and noumenon serve as interrelated technical terms. Far predating this, the ancient Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher Sextus Empiricus also used phenomenon and noumenon as interrelated technical terms. Philosophical usageIn modern philosophical use, the term phenomena has come to mean 'what is experienced is the basis of reality'.{{cn|date=March 2019}} In Immanuel Kant's inaugural dissertation, On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World (1770), Kant theorizes that the human mind is restricted to the logical world and thus can only interpret and understand occurrences according to their physical appearances. He wrote that humans could infer only as much as their senses allowed, but not experience the actual object itself.[2] Thus, the term phenomenon refers to any incident deserving of inquiry and investigation, especially events that are particularly unusual or of distinctive importance.[1] According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, "Modern philosophers have used 'phenomenon' to designate what is apprehended before judgment is applied."[3] This may not be possible if observation is theory laden. Science{{See also|Phenomenalism}}In scientific usage, a phenomenon is any event that is observable, however common it might be, even if it requires the use of instrumentation to observe, record, or compile data concerning it. For example, in physics, a phenomenon may be described by a system of information related to matter, energy, or spacetime, such as Isaac Newton's observations of the moon's orbit and of gravity, or Galileo Galilei's observations of the motion of a pendulum.[4] In natural sciences, a phenomenon is an observable happening or event. Often, this term is used without considering the causes of a particular event. Example of a physical phenomena is an observable phenomenon of the lunar orbit or the phenomenon of oscillations of a pendulum.[5] A mechanical phenomenon is a physical phenomenon associated with the equilibrium or motion of objects.[6] Some examples are Newton's cradle, engines, and double pendulums. Social phenomenon{{see also|Social phenomenon}}Group phenomena concern the behavior of a particular group of individual entities, usually organisms and most especially people. The behavior of individuals often changes in a group setting in various ways, and a group may have its own behaviors not possible for an individual because of the herd mentality. Social phenomena apply especially to organisms and people in that subjective states are implicit in the term. Attitudes and events particular to a group may have effects beyond the group, and either be adapted by the larger society, or seen as aberrant, being punished or shunned. Popular usageIn popular usage, a phenomenon often refers to an extraordinary event. The term is most commonly used to refer to occurrences that at first defy explanation or baffle the observer. According to the Dictionary of Visual Discourse, "In ordinary language 'phenomenon/phenomena' refer to any occurrence worthy of note and investigation, typically an untoward or unusual event, person or fact that is of special significance or otherwise notable."[1] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite web |url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ashgtvd/phenomenon_phenomena |title=Phenomenon/Phenomena |publisher=Dictionary of Visual Discourse: A Dialectical Lexicon of Terms |year=2011}} 2. ^Kant's Inaugural Dissertation of 1770 3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.credoreference.com/entry/columency/phenomenon |title=Phenomenon |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopedia |year=2008}} 4. ^Jeremy Bernstein, A Theory for Everything, Copernicus, An imprint of Springer-Verlag, New York, 1996, hardback, {{ISBN|0-387-94700-0}} 5. ^{{cite book |last= Bernstein|first= Jeremy |date= 1996 |title= A Theory for Everything, Copernicus, An imprint of Springer» |url= |location= New York |publisher= |page= |isbn= |author-link= Jeremy Bernstein }} 6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.audioenglish.net/dictionary/mechanical_phenomenon.htm |title=Mechanical phenomenon |publisher=Audioenglish.net |accessdate=23 May 2011}} External links{{plain list|
}}{{Authority control}} 3 : Phenomena|Concepts in metaphysics|Phenomenology |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。