| 词条 | Canadian Council for Refugees |
| 释义 |
| name = Canadian Council for Refugees | former name = Standing Conference of Canadian Organizations Concerned for Refugees | image = | image_border = | size = | alt = | caption = | map = | msize = | malt = | mcaption = | map2 = | abbreviation = CCR | motto = | predecessor = | successor = | formation = | founder = | extinction = | merger = | merged = | type = NGO | status = | purpose = To influence the Government of Canada's public policy regarding refugee settlement and determination | professional_title = | headquarters = | location = Montreal | coords = | region_served = Canada | services = | membership = | language = | general = | leader_title = President | leader_name = Claire Roque (past president: Loly Rico) | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | affiliations = Amnesty International Canadian Council of Churches | budget = | num_staff = | num_volunteers= | slogan = | website = {{url|http://ccrweb.ca/}} | remarks = | footnotes = }} The Canadian Council for Refugees (abbreviated CCR, formerly known as the Standing Conference of Canadian Organizations Concerned about/for/with Refugees[1]) is a non-governmental organization[2] that critiques the Government of Canada's public policy regarding refugee settlement and determination, and provides consultation to Canadian immigration authorities.[3] The organization is based in Montreal.[4] According to the CCR, refugee services should focus on mental health.[5] HistoryIn 1978, when the organization was still known as the Standing Conference of Canadian Organizations Concerned for Refugees, it was composed of approximately 100 refugee advocacy groups.[6] Before the September 11 attacks in 2001, the CCR issued a statement that there was a disproportionate amount of immigration security provisions applied to particular refugee communities, including Kurdish people, Sri Lankan Tamil people, Palestinian people, people from Algeria, Sikhs, and people associated with the People's Mujahedin of Iran.[7] The CCR said that refugees became far less likely to show up for their asylum hearings starting in January 2003 when Canadian officials stopped asking the Immigration and Naturalization Service of the United States to guarantee that these refugees would not be arrested.[8] Towards the end of 2005, the CCR became part of a coalition with Amnesty International and the Canadian Council of Churches to question the constitutionality of the Canada–United States Safe Third Country Agreement.[9] According to the CCR, the agreement would result in increased illegal immigration and people smuggling.[10] ConsultationsThe CCR holds biannual consultations, the results of which are published on their website library.[11] The consultations last three days and each one has a specific focus. In the fall 2016 consultation, "Welcoming Diversity," The CCR published their support for Bill C-6. Bill C-6 was introduced by the Liberal Party of Canada in the summer of 2017 and made significant amendments to the Citizen Act. Bill C-6 makes access to Canadian citizenship easier.[12] Safe Third Country AgreementIn 2005, the CCR challenged the Canadian government's Safe Third Country Agreement with the United States, which came into effect in 2004. The Agreement stipulates that "refugee claimants are required to request refugee protection in the first safe country they arrive in, unless they qualify for an exception to the Agreement."[13] In Canadian Council for Refugees, et al. v. Her Majesty the Queen, the Canadian Council for Refugees, the Canadian Council of Churches, Amnesty International, three NGOs and a John Doe collectively brought the Canadian government to Federal Court, after a Colombian national was denied refugee status in the United States. This rendered his status in the US illegal and put him at risk of refoulement. The court applicants claimed that the U.S. was therefore not a Safe Third Country and that "[t]he United States' policies and practices do not meet the conditions set down for authorizing Canada to enter into a STCA. The U.S. does not meet the Refugee Convention requirements nor the Convention Against Torture prohibition."[14] In 2007, the Federal Court upheld the challenge, but in 2008 the government appealed the decision and so the STCA continues to be enforced. MembershipThe structure of the organization is based on membership. Organizations must be Canadian non-profits to join, and individuals can become non-voting Associate Members.[15] The Council has members in all of the provinces but not the territories. There are over 170 member organizations.[16] Recommendations to the Canadian GovernmentApril 4 is the Canadian day for Refugees, and on April 4, 2018, the CCR published a set of three recommendations to the Canadian government to:[17]
References[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]1. ^{{Cite journal|page=3|title=Introduction|author=Maroussia Hajdukowski-Ahmed|author2=Nazilla Khanlou |author3=Helene Moussa |journal=Not Born a Refugee Woman: Contesting Identities, Rethinking Practices|editor=Maroussia Hajdukowski-Ahmed|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2011|isbn=0857457039}} 2. ^{{Cite book|page=261|title=Frontier Justice: The Global Refugee Crisis and What To Do About It|author=Andy Lamey|publisher=Random House|year=2011|isbn=0307367924}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|page=111|journal=Immigrant Settlement Policy in Canadian Municipalities|title=From Government to Multilevel Governance of Immigrant Settlement in Ontario's City-Regions|author=Daiva Stasiulis|author2=Christine Hughes |author3=Zainab Amery |editors=Erin Tolley, Robert Young|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2011|isbn=0773585850}} 4. ^{{Cite news|work=Inter Press Service|title=Secret Evidence Plays Growing Role in Canada's Immigration Courts|author=Paul Weinberg|date=November 9, 2013|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/11/secret-evidence-plays-growing-role-in-canadas-immigration-courts/|accessdate=November 11, 2013}} 5. ^{{Cite book|page=15|title=Managing Two Worlds: The Experiences and Concerns of Immigrant Youth in Ontario|author=Paul Anisef|author2=Kenise Murphy Kilbride|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|year=2003|isbn=1551302179}} 6. ^{{Cite book|page=39|title=In Defence of Principles: NGOs and Human Rights in Canada|author=Andrew Stuart Thompson|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|year=2010|isbn=0774859636}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|page=92|title=From Slavery to Expulsion: Racism, Canadian Immigration Law, and the Unfulfilled Promise of Modern Constitutionalism|author=Sharryn J. Aiken|journal=Interrogating Race and Racism|editor=Vijay Agnew|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2007|isbn=0802095097}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|page=157|title=North American Responses: A Comparative Study of U.S. and Canadian Refugee Policy|author=François Crepéau|author2=Stephen H. Legomsky|journal=New Regionalism and Asylum Seekers: Challenges Ahead|editors=Susan Kneebone, Felicity Rawlings-Sanaei|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2007|isbn=1845453441}} 9. ^{{Cite journal|pages=189–190|title=Risking Rights: An Assessment of Canadian Border Security Policies|author=Sharryn J. Aiken|journal=Whose Canada?: Continental Integration, Fortress North America, and the Corporate Agenda|editors=Ricardo Grinspun, Yasmine Shamsie|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2007|isbn=077357719X}} 10. ^{{Cite book|page=164|title=Seeking Refuge: Central American Migration to Mexico, the United States, and Canada|author=María Cristina García|publisher=University of California Press|year=2006|isbn=0520939433}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=CCR LIbrary|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/library|website=Canadian Council for Refugees|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Bill C-6 Receives Royal Assent|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2017/06/bill_c-6_receivesroyalassent0.html|website=Government of Canada|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|title=Canada-U.S. Safe Third Country Agreement|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/mandate/policies-operational-instructions-agreements/agreements/safe-third-country-agreement.html|website=Government of Canada|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Glen|first1=Patrick|title=Is the United States Really Not a Safe Third Country: A Contextual Critique of the Federal Court of Canada's Decision in Canadian Council for Refugees, et al. v. Her Majesty the Queen|journal=Georgetown Immigration Law Journal|date=Summer 2008|volume=22|issue=4|page=587}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=Membership and Joining the CCR|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/join|website=Canadian Council for Refugees|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=CCR Member Organizations|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/members#zoom=5&lat=45.18688&lon=-88.85742&layers=BTT|website=Canadian Council for Refugees|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=The Canadian Council for Refugees|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/media/refugee-recommendations-2018|website=Three recommendations to protect refugees and make our communities better|accessdate=1 April 2018}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Warren Crichlow|title=Race, Identity, and Representation in Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aCKJuAzmf6UC&pg=PA92|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-76447-9|pages=92–}} 19. ^{{cite book|author=Denise L. Spitzer|title=Engendering Migrant Health: Canadian Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7Ytyt2uI2IC&pg=PA258|year=2011|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9562-6|pages=258–}} 20. ^{{cite book|author=Agnès G. Hurwitz|title=The Collective Responsibility of States to Protect Refugees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99uvaYSKXVQC&pg=PA48|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-927838-1|pages=48–}} 21. ^{{cite book|author=J. E. Mulira|title=Ugandans in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-n2B0EAdE4C&pg=PT382|date=20 October 2010|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4535-8513-9|pages=382–}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=January 2018}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=CCR LIbrary|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/library|website=Canadian Council for Refugees|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Bill C-6 Receives Royal Assent|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/news/2017/06/bill_c-6_receivesroyalassent0.html|website=Government of Canada|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web|title=Canada-U.S. Safe Third Country Agreement|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/mandate/policies-operational-instructions-agreements/agreements/safe-third-country-agreement.html|website=Government of Canada|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 25. ^{{cite journal|last1=Glen|first1=Patrick|title=Is the United States Really Not a Safe Third Country: A Contextual Critique of the Federal Court of Canada's Decision in Canadian Council for Refugees, et al. v. Her Majesty the Queen|journal=Georgetown Immigration Law Journal|date=Summer 2008|volume=22|issue=4|page=587}} 26. ^{{cite web|title=Membership and Joining the CCR|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/join|website=Canadian Council for Refugees|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 27. ^{{cite web|title=CCR Member Organizations|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/members#zoom=5&lat=45.18688&lon=-88.85742&layers=BTT|website=Canadian Council for Refugees|accessdate=17 March 2018}} 28. ^{{cite web|title=The Canadian Council for Refugees|url=http://ccrweb.ca/en/media/refugee-recommendations-2018|website=Three recommendations to protect refugees and make our communities better|accessdate=1 April 2018}} External links
7 : Political advocacy groups in Canada|Canadian immigration law|Refugees in Canada|Refugee aid organizations|Immigrant rights organizations|Human rights organizations based in Canada|Organizations based in Montreal |
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