| 词条 | Philip Berrigan |
| 释义 |
| name = Philip Berrigan |image=Philip Berrigan.jpg |image_size= |caption= |birth_name=Phillip Francis Berrigan |birth_date={{birth date|1923|10|5}} |birth_place=Two Harbors, Minnesota, United States |death_date ={{death date and age|2002|12|6|1923|10|5}} |death_place=Baltimore, Maryland, United States |resting_place=St. Peter the Apostle Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland, United States |resting_place_coordinates= |education= |occupation= |employer= |known_for= |title= |spouse=Elizabeth McAlister |children=3 |relatives=Daniel Berrigan |website= |footnotes= |alma mater = College of the Holy Cross }} Philip Francis Berrigan (October 5, 1923 – December 6, 2002) was an American peace activist and Roman Catholic priest. Early lifeBerrigan was born in Two Harbors, Minnesota, a Midwestern, working-class, mining town. He had five brothers, including the Jesuit fellow-activist and poet, Daniel Berrigan. His mother, Frieda (née Fromhart), was of German descent and deeply religious. His father, Tom Berrigan, was a second-generation Irish-Catholic, trade union member, socialist, and railway engineer.[1] Philip Berrigan graduated from high school in Syracuse, New York, and was then employed cleaning trains for the New York Central Railroad. He played with a semi-professional baseball team. In 1943, after a semester of schooling at St. Michael's College, Toronto, Berrigan was drafted into combat duty in World War II. He served in the artillery during the Battle of the Bulge (1945) and later became a Second Lieutenant in the infantry.[1] He was deeply affected by his exposure to the violence of war and the racism of boot camp in the southern United States. Berrigan graduated with an English degree from the College of the Holy Cross, a Jesuit university in Worcester, Massachusetts. In 1950, he joined the Society of St. Joseph, better known as the Josephite Fathers, a religious society of priests and lay brothers dedicated to serving those of African descent, who were still dealing with the repercussions of slavery and daily segregation in the United States. After studying at the theological school of the Society, St. Joseph's Seminary in Washington, D.C., he was ordained a priest in 1955. He went on to gain a degree in Secondary Education at Loyola University of the South (1957) and then a Master of Arts degree at Xavier University in 1960, during which time he began to teach.[1] In addition to his academic responsibilities, Berrigan became active in the Civil Rights Movement. He marched for desegregation and participated in sit-ins and bus boycotts. His brother Daniel wrote of him:
Berrigan was first imprisoned in 1962/1963. During his many prison sentences, he would often hold Bible study class and offer legal educational support to other inmates. As a priest, his activism and arrests met with deep disapproval from the leadership of the Catholic Church and Berrigan was moved to Epiphany Apostolic College, the Josephite seminary college in Newburgh, New York, but he continued his protests. Working with Jim Forest, in 1964 he founded the Catholic Peace Fellowship in New York City. He was moved again to St. Peter Claver Parish in West Baltimore, Maryland, from where he started the Baltimore Interfaith Peace Mission, leading lobbies and demonstrations.[1] ProtestsThe Baltimore FourIn the 1960s, after activity in civil rights, Berrigan and others began taking increasingly radical steps to bring attention to the anti-war movement. The group known as "The Baltimore Four" occupied the Selective Service Board in the Customs House, Baltimore, on October 27, 1967.[1] 'The Four' were: two Catholics, Berrigan and artist Tom Lewis; and two Protestants, writer David Eberhardt, and the Rev. James L. Mengel III. Mengel was a United States Air Force veteran, United Church of Christ pastor, and missionary to Ghana, West Africa, and Asia, where he also served as an Auxiliary Civilian Chaplain at Osan AFB, Daegu, South Korea. Performing a sacrificial, blood-pouring protest, using their own blood and that from poultry purchased from the Gay St. Market, they poured it over records.[1][2] In the trial of The Baltimore Four, Mengel stated that U.S. military forces had killed and maimed not only humans, but also animals and vegetation. Mengel agreed to the action and donated blood, but decided not to actually pour blood; instead he distributed the paperback book Good News for Modern Man (a version of the New Testament) to draft board workers, newsmen, and police.[1] Berrigan, in their written statement, noted that "This sacrificial and constructive act" was meant to protest "the pitiful waste of American and Vietnamese blood in Indochina".[1] The trial of "The Baltimore Four" was postponed due to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and the subsequent riots in Baltimore and other U.S. cities. Eberhardt and Lewis served jail time and Berrigan was sentenced to six years in federal prisons.[3][4] The Catonsville NineIn 1968, over six months after The Baltimore Four protest, after his release on bail, Berrigan decided to repeat the protest in a modified form. A local high school physics teacher, Dean Pappas, helped to concoct homemade napalm. Nine activists, including Berrigan's Jesuit brother Daniel, later became known as the Catonsville Nine when they walked into the offices of the local draft board in Catonsville, Maryland, removed 600 draft records, doused them in napalm and burnt them in a lot outside of the building.[1][4] The Catonsville Nine, who were all Catholics, issued a statement:
Berrigan was convicted of conspiracy and destruction of government property on November 8, 1968, but was bailed for 16 months while the case went to the U.S. Supreme Court. The court rejected the appeal and Berrigan and three others went into hiding. For a time, Liz McAlister, the nun who would later become his wife, helped hide Berrigan in New Jersey.[5] Twelve days later Berrigan was arrested by the FBI and jailed in Lewisburg.[1][6] All nine were sentenced to three years in prison.[1][4][7] The Harrisburg SevenBerrigan attracted the notice of federal authorities again when he and six other anti-war activists were caught trading letters alluding to kidnapping Henry Kissinger and bombing steam tunnels.[8] They were charged with 23 counts of conspiracy including plans for kidnap and blowing up heating tunnels in Washington.[1] Although the government spent $2 million on the Harrisburg Seven trial in 1972, it did not win a conviction.[9][10] This was one of the first reversals suffered by the U.S. government in such cases, another being The Camden 28 in 1973. Other actionsBerrigan organized or inspired many additional operations. The D.C. Nine, in March 1969, consisted of mostly priests and nuns disrupting the Washington Dow Chemical offices by scattering their files.{{r|Nobile}} The group protested Dow's production of napalm for use in the Vietnam conflict. The D.C. Nine were later tried in Washington, D.C., but an appeal was won in their favor. Some jail time was served.[11] Later in May 1969, the Chicago 15 Catholics protested napalm and burned 40,000 draft cards.{{r|Nobile}}
In 1968, Berrigan signed the Writers and Editors War Tax Protest pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.[16][17][18] MarriageBerrigan, while still a priest, married former nun Elizabeth McAlister in 1970, although the marriage was not revealed until 1973. They had one daughter, Frida, born in 1974. Together they founded Jonah House in Baltimore, a community to support resistance to war.[1] Plowshares Movement{{Main|Plowshares Movement}}On September 9, 1980, Berrigan, his brother Daniel, and six others (the 'Plowshares Eight') began the Plowshares Movement when they entered the General Electric Re-entry Division[19] in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, where Mark 12A reentry vehicles[20] for the Minuteman III missile were made. They hammered on two reentry vehicles, poured blood on documents, and offered prayers for peace. They were arrested and initially charged with over ten different felony and misdemeanor counts.[21][22] On April 10, 1990, after nearly ten years of trials and appeals, the Plowshares Eight were re-sentenced and paroled for up to 23 months in consideration of time already served in prison. Berrigan helped set up Jonah House as the community headquarters of the organisation, a terraced house in Reservoir Hill, Baltimore. The headquarters later was moved to St. Peter the Apostle Cemetery in West Baltimore.[1] Berrigan's last Plowshares action occurred in December 1999, when a group of protesters hammered on A-10 Warthog warplanes held at the Warfield Air National Guard Base. He was indicted for malicious destruction of property and sentenced to 30 months in prison.[1][23] He was released on 14 December 2001. In his lifetime he had spent about 11 years in jails and prisons for civil disobedience.[1][43] In one of his last public statements, Berrigan said, The American people are, more and more, making their voices heard against Bush and his warrior clones. Bush and his minions slip out of control, determined to go to war, determined to go it alone, determined to endanger the Palestinians further, determined to control Iraqi oil, determined to ravage further a suffering people and their shattered society. The American people can stop Bush, can yank his feet closer to the fire, can banish the war makers from Washington D.C., can turn this society around and restore it to faith and sanity.[24] DeathOn December 6, 2002, Philip Berrigan died of liver and kidney cancer at the age of 79 at Jonah House in Baltimore.[25][26] In a last statement, he said Howard Zinn, Professor Emeritus at Boston University, paid this tribute to Berrigan saying: "Mr. Berrigan was one of the great Americans of our time. He believed war didn't solve anything. He went to prison again and again and again for his beliefs. I admired him for the sacrifices he made. He was an inspiration to a large number of people."[25] The funeral was held at St. Peter Claver Church in West Baltimore and he was buried in West Baltimore cemetery. Berrigan's widow, Elizabeth McAlister, and others still maintain Jonah House in Baltimore and a website that details all Plowshares activities.[25][27] His four brothers, Daniel, John, Jim, and Jerome; his wife, Elizabeth McAlister; and their three children, Frida, Jerry, and Kate, are all also activists in the peace movement.[25] Works
See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |title=Religion and war resistance in the Plowshares Movement |date=2008 |first=Sharon Erickson |last=Nepstad |publisher=Cambridge University Press |p=48 |isbn=9780521717670}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=Prophets without honor: a requiem for moral patriotism|year=2002|publisher=Algora Publishing|pages=57–61|author=William Strabala|author2=Michael Palecek}} 3. ^{{cite court |litigants=United States v. Eberhardt |reporter=F.2d |date=1969 |url=https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-eberhardt-3 |vol=417 |opinion=1009 |court=4th Cir. |accessdate=2017-06-24}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book |title=The Catonsville Nine: A Story of Faith and Resistance in the Vietnam Era |date=2012 |first=Shawn Francis |last=Peters |publisher=Oxford University Press |p=35 |isbn=9780199942756}} 5. ^{{Cite book|title=The Catonsville Nine|last=Peters|first=Shawn Francis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2012|isbn=|location=New York City|pages=272|quote=|via=}} 6. ^{{cite book |last= Dunlap |first=David W. |title= From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship |location=New York |publisher= Columbia University Press |date=2004 |p=207}} 7. ^{{cite court |litigants=United States v. Moylan |reporter=F.2d |date=1969 |url= https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8977019992891102745 |vol=417 |opinion=1002 |court=4th Cir. |accessdate=2017-06-24}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944463-1,00.html |title=No again on the conspiracy law |work=Time |date=17 April 1972 |access-date=8 September 2007 |issn=0040-781X |volume=99 |issue=16 |via=EBSCO}} 9. ^{{cite court |litigants=United States v. Berrigan |reporter=F.2d |date=1973 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3380651944004290218 |vol=482 |opinion=171 |court=3d Cir. |accessdate=2017-06-24}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Religion and war resistance in the Plowshares Movement |date=2008 |first=Sharon Erickson |last=Nepstad |publisher=Cambridge University Press |p=51 |isbn=9780521717670}} 11. ^The Catonsville Nine: A Story of Faith and Resistance in the Vietnam Era (2012) Shawn Francis Peters, Oxford University Press, p246 {{ISBN|9780199942756}} 12. ^The Catonsville Nine: A Story of Faith and Resistance in the Vietnam Era (2012) Shawn Francis Peters, Oxford University Press, p157 {{ISBN|9780199942756}} 13. ^{{cite book|title=The Burglary: The Discovery of J. Edgar Hoover's Secret F.B.I.|first=Betty|last=Medsger|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-96295-9|year=2014}} 14. ^{{cite book |first=D. |last=Kairys |title=Philadelphia freedom: Memoir of a civil rights lawyer |date=2009 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=9780472021369}} 15. ^{{cite book |title=The hidden 1970s: Histories of radicalism |date=2010 |editor-first=Dan |editor-last=Berger |publisher=Rutgers University Press |p=261 |isbn=9780813548746}} 16. ^{{cite new |author=Writers and Editors War Tax Protest |title=If a thousand men were not to pay their tax-bills this year |date=30 January 1968 |work=New York Post}} 17. ^{{cite |author=Writers and Editors War Tax Protest |title=If a thousand men were not to pay their tax-bills this year |date=1968 |publisher=FBI |url=https://archive.org/stream/WritersAndEditorWarTaxProtest/Writers%20and%20Editor%20War%20Tax%20Protest |access-date=25 June 2017}} 18. ^{{cite web | url=http://archives.nwtrcc.org/history/writers-and-editors-names.php | title=Writers and Editors War Tax Protest Names | location=Brooklyn, NY |publisher=National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee |accessdate=25 June 2017}} 19. ^https://www.minutemanmissile.com/documents/GEReentryVehicles.pdf 20. ^http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Weapons/W78.html 21. ^{{cite book |title=Essential Catholic social thought |date=2008 |first=Bernard V. |last=Brady |publisher=Orbis |p=27 |isbn=9781570757563}} 22. ^{{cite court |litigants=Commonwealth v. Berrigan |date=1985 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6991323227073321014 |reporter=A.2d |vol=501 |opinion=226 |court=Pa. 118 |accessdate=2017-06-24}} 23. ^{{cite book |title=American dissidents: An encyclopedia of activists, subversives, and prisoners of conscience |date=2011 |first=Kathlyn |last=Gay |publisher=ABC-CLIO |p=66 |isbn=9781598847659}} 24. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0212/021202.htm |date=December 2002 – January 2003 |work=Peacework Magazine |last=Watson |first=Patrica |title=From the editor's desk |publisher=American Friends Service Committee |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011151702/http://www.peaceworkmagazine.org/pwork/0212/021202.htm |archive-date=11 October 2006}} 25. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 {{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Jacques |last2=Schoettler |first2=Carl |title=Philip Berrigan, apostle of peace, dies at age 79 |work=Baltimore Sun | date=7 December 2002 | url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2002-12-07/news/0212070391_1_philip-berrigan-vietnam-war-jonah | access-date=25 June 2017}} 26. ^{{cite journal |last=Berrigan |first= Frida|authorlink=Frida Berrigan |date=December 2010 |title= Remembrance of My Father|journal=Catholic Worker |volume=LXXVII |issue=7 |page=8 |quote=}} 27. ^{{cite news |last=Pietila |first=Antero |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2004-06-14/news/0406140065_1_philip-berrigan-peter-cemetery-jonah |title=Resurrecting a cemetery, demonstrating for peace |date=14 June 2004 |work=Baltimore Sun |access-date=25 June 2017}} }} Further reading
External links{{wikiquote}}
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