请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Philippine languages
释义

  1. Classification

     Reid (2018) 

  2. Vocabulary comparison

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. Further reading

  6. External links

{{See also|Languages of the Philippines}}{{Infobox language family
|name=Philippine
|altname=
|region=Philippines
Northern Sulawesi, Indonesia
Eastern Sabah, Malaysia
Orchid Island, Taiwan
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=Malayo-Polynesian
|fam3=Borneo-Philippine (?)
|protoname=Proto-Philippine
|child1=Batanic
|child2=Northern Luzon
|child3=Central Luzon
|child4=North Mangyan
|child5=Umiray Dumaget
|child6=Greater Central Philippine
|child7=Ati
|child8=Kalamian
|child9=South Mindanao
|child10=Minahasan
|child11=Sangiric
|iso2=phi
|iso5=phi
|glotto=none
|map=Philippine languages map.svg
|mapcaption=The Philippine languages, per Adelaar and Himmelmann (2005)
}}

In linguistics, the Philippine languages are a proposal by Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991, 2005) that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw (languages of the "Sea Gypsies") and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages.[1][2][3] Although the Philippines is near the center of Austronesian expansion from Formosa, there is little linguistic diversity among the approximately 150 Philippine languages, suggesting that earlier diversity has been erased by the spread of the ancestor of the modern Philippine languages.[4]

Classification

From approximately north to south, the Philippine languages are divided into about 10 subgroups (including unclassified languages):

  • Batanic languages (4 languages between Batanes and Formosa)
  • Northern Luzon languages (40 languages, including Ilocano and Pangasinan)
  • Central Luzon languages (5 languages, including Sambal and Kapampangan)
  • Northern Mindoro languages (or North Mangyan; 3 languages)
  • Greater Central Philippine languages
    • Southern Mindoro languages (or South Mangyan; 3 languages)
    • Central Philippine languages (40 languages, including Tagalog, Bikol languages and Visayan languages)
    • Palawan languages (3 languages)
    • Subanen languages (6 languages)
    • Danao languages (3 languages, including Maguindanao and Maranao)
    • Manobo languages (15 languages)
    • Gorontalo–Mongondow languages (9 languages of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi)
  • Kalamian languages (2 languages of northern Palawan)
  • South Mindanao languages (5 languages)
  • Sangiric languages (4 languages of Sangir and Talaud Islands)
  • Minahasan languages (5 languages of North Sulawesi)
  • Unclassified (Ati language of Panay, and the southern Luzon languages of Manide, Umiray Dumaget, and Inagta Alabat)

The unclassified are considered by Reid (2013)[5] to be early splits from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian.

Reid (2018)

Lawrence Reid (1982[5], 2017[6], 2018[7]) rejects the genetic unity of the Philippine languages, and considers the Philippine languages to form a linkage rather than a unified genetic subgroup. Reid (2018)[7] lists the following branches and languages as separate Malayo-Polynesian branches.

  • Inati (first-order Malayo-Polynesian subgroup)
  • Bashiic (3 languages)
  • Northern Luzon (47 languages)
  • Central Luzon (10 languages)
  • Central Philippine (52 languages)
  • Kalamianen (2 languages)
  • (other branches)

Reid (2013)[8] accepts the following 14 branches as well-defined subgroups spoken within the geographical Philippines. The precise relationships of these subgroups with each other have not been completely resolved.

{{div col}}
  • Bashiic
  • Northern Luzon
  • Manide-Alabat
  • Central Luzon
  • North Mangyan
  • Inati
  • Central Philippine
  • South Mangyan
  • Kalamianic
  • Palawanic
  • Manobo
  • Danao
  • Subanen
  • Bilic
{{div col end}}

Vocabulary comparison

Comparison chart between several selected Philippine languages spoken from north to south with Proto-Austronesian first for comparison.

English 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Proto-Austronesian *əsa
*isa 		*duSa *təlu *Səpat *lima *Cau *Rumaq *asu *niuR *qalejaw *baqeRu *i-kita *n-anu *Sapuy
Batanic (Bashiic) 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Yami (Tao) ása dóa (raroa) tílo (tatlo) apat (ápat) lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw vayo yaten ango apoy
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat lima tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango apoy
Northern Luzon 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Ilokano ibbong
awan 		maysa dua tallo uppat lima tao balay aso niog aldaw baro sitayo ania apoy
Ibanag awan tadday dua tallu appa' lima tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat lima tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay afuy
Pangasinan sakey dua
duara 		talo
talora 		apat
apatira 		lima too abong aso niyog ageo balo sikatayo anto pool
Central Luzon 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Kapampangan ala métung
isâ 		adwâ atlû ápat lima táu balé ásu ngúngut aldô báyu íkatamu nánu api
Central Philippine 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Tagalog wala isa dalawa tatlo apat lima tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoy
Bikol 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Central Bikol wara saro duwa tulo upat lima tawo harong ayam niyog adlaw ba-go kita ano kalayo
Rinconada Bikol əsad darwā tolō əpat lima tawō baləy ayam noyog aldəw bāgo kitā onō kalayō
Visayan 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Waray waray usa
sayo 		duha tulo upat lima tawo balay ayam
ido 		lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Hiligaynon walay isa duwa tatlo apat lima tawo balay ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Asi usa ruha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay iro nidog adlaw bag-o kita ni-o kayado
Romblomanon isa duha tuyo upat lima tawo bayay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Onhan isya darwa tatlo ap-at lima tawo balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Kinaray-a wara sara darwa tatlo apat lima taho balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita
tatən 		ano kalayo
Aklanon uwa isaea
sambilog 		daywa tatlo ap-at lima tawo baeay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kaeayo
Cebuano wala usa duha tulo upat lima tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o kita unsa kalayo
Tausug isa
hambuuk 		duwa tu upat lima tau bay iru' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Danao 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Mëranaw isa dowa t'lo phat lima taw walay aso neyog gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy
South Mindanao (Bilic) 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat lima tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Minahasan 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Tombulu (Minahasa) esa zua
rua 		telu epat lima tou walé asu po'po' endo weru kai
kita 		apa api
Sangiric 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Sangirese sembau
esa' 		darua tatelu epa' lima tau balé kapuna' bango' elo wuhu kité tawé putung
Gorontalo-Mongondow 0 1 2 3 4 5 person house dog coconut day new we (incl.) what fire
Gorontalo tuwewu duluwo totolu opato limo tawu bele 'apula sekat dulahu bohu 'ito wolo tulu
Mongondow inta' dua tolu opat lima intau baloi ungku' cekut singgai mobagu kita onda tulu'

See also

  • Languages of the Philippines
  • List of regional languages of the Philippines
  • Philippine Negrito languages
  • Philippine literature
  • Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
  • Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters
Defunct language regulators
  • Academia Bicolana
  • Sanghiran san Binisaya

References

1. ^Zorc, R.D. The genetic relationships of Philippine languages. 1986. In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. editors, FOCAL II: Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. C-94:147-173. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1986.
2. ^{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |year=1991 |title=The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=73–129 |doi=10.2307/3623084 |jstor=3623084 |ref=apa}}
3. ^{{cite book |title=Current issues in Philippine linguistics pangaral kay Lawrence A. Reid |date=2005 |last=Blust |first=Robert A. |chapter=The linguistic macrohistory of the Philippines |pages=31-68|editor1-last=Liao |editor1-first=Hsiu-Chuan |editor2-last=Rubino |editor2-first=Carl R.Galvez |location=2005 |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and SIL Philippines}}
4. ^Adelaar & Himmelmann (2005)
5. ^Reid, Lawrence. 1982. The demise of Proto-Philippines. In Papers from the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Vol. 2: Tracking the travellers, ed. by Amran Halim, Lois Carrington, and Stephen Wurm, 201-216. Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 75. Canberra: Australian National University.
6. ^Reid, Lawrence. 2017. Revisiting the position of Philippine languages in the Austronesian family. The Br. Andrew Gonzalez FSC (BAG) Distinguished Professorial Chair Lecture, 2017, De La Salle University, Manila.
7. ^1 Reid, Lawrence A. 2018. "[https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=7893&file_id=22&file_no=1 Modeling the linguistic situation in the Philippines]." In Let's Talk about Trees, ed. by Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence A. Reid. Osaka: Senri Ethnological Studies, Minpaku. {{doi|10.15021/00009006}}
8. ^1 Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
  • K. Alexander Adelaar and Nikolaus Himmelmann, The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge, 2005.

Further reading

  • Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems. Australian National University, 2002.
  • Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database, 2008.
  • Reid, Lawrence A. (2013) "Who Are the Philippine Negritos? Evidence from Language." Human Biology: Vol. 85: Iss. 1, Article 15.
  • Zorc, R. David. 1972. Field notes.

External links

  • Comparative vocabularies of Philippine and other Austronesian languages
  • Cognate sets for Austronesian languages
  • R. David Zorc field notes
{{Borneo-Philippine languages}}{{Languages of Indonesia}}{{Languages of Malaysia}}{{Languages of the Philippines}}

4 : Philippine languages|Languages of the Philippines|Languages of Indonesia|Languages of Malaysia
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/21 14:44:33