“Carmel Bay”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The bay's coastline includes Carmel City Beach and Carmel River State Beach, with wildlife largely protected by the 'Carmel Bay Ecological Reserve'. The City of Carmel, formally "Carmel-by-the-Sea", adjoins Carmel Bay, with the cities of Monterey and Santa Cruz about 5 miles and 45 miles north, respectively.^[2]

Marine protected areas

Several areas in Carmel Bay have been designated marine protected areas under California's Marine Life Protection Act. 'Carmel Bay State Marine Conservation Area' (SMCA) is entirely underneath Carmel Bay, and both 'Carmel Pinnacles State Marine Reserve' (SMR) and 'Point Lobos State Marine Reserve' are partially underneath Carmel Bay.^[3]

Along with the immediately adjoining 'Point Lobos State Marine Conservation Area', nearly {{convert|17|mi2}}^[4] of marine protected areas in the waters in and around Carmel Bay are like underwater parks, helping to conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.^[5] No living marine resources may be taken from these areas, except from 'Carmel Bay SMCA', and from there only recreational fishing for finfish and limited "by hand" commercial harvesting of giant kelp and bull kelp, by permit.^[6]

Toponymy

The first Europeans to discover the bay were Spanish mariners led by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542, sailing up the California coast without landing. In 1602, Spanish explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno named the nearby "Rio de Carmelo" to honor the three Carmelite priests on his expedition; the river empties into the bay, and so the names Carmelo and Carmel were later applied to the bay, a mission, the settlement, and other nearby features.^[7]

Climate

The area around Carmel Bay experiences a cool summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb) typical of coastal areas of California.^[8] The wet season is from October to May, and summers are often overcast, the sun blocked by marine layer clouds which can produce drizzle. September and October (Indian Summer) offer the best weather of the year, with an average high of 72 °F. The average annual rainfall in Carmel-by-the-Sea is 15 inches per year and the average temperature is 57 degrees F.^[9]^[10]

References

1. ^"An Offshore Description of the Big Sur Coast from George Davidson's "Coast Pilot" of 1889" by David Rogers, Double Cone Quarterly, Vol IV, Number 4, 2001, Ventana Wilderness Alliance
2. ^The Monterey Bay Shoreline Guide By Jerry Emory, University of California Press, 1999, pages 234,241-244
3. ^{{citation |url=http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/pdfs/ccmpas_guide.pdf |title=Guide to the Central California Marine Protected Areas |publisher=California Resources Agency |date= September 2007}}, page 30
4. ^"Summary of Central Coast MPAs as Adopted by the California Fish and Game Commission, June 25, 2007", page 2, California Department of Fish and Game, Retrieved 2012-07-06:
Carmel Bay SMCA (2.12 square miles)
Carmel Pinnacles SMR (0.53 square miles)
Point Lobos SMR (5.36 square miles)
Point Lobos SMCA (8.85 square miles)
5. ^{{citation |url=http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mlpa/pdfs/ccmpas_guide.pdf |title=Guide to the Central California Marine Protected Areas |publisher=California Resources Agency |date= September 2007}}
6. ^"Summary of Central Coast MPAs...June 25, 2007", page 5, California Department of Fish and Game, Retrieved 2012-07-06
7. ^[https://archive.org/details/memorialbiograph01barr A Memorial and Biographical History of the Coast Counties of Central California] by Luther A. Ingersoll, Lewis Publishing Company, 1893, page 17 [https://archive.org/details/memorialbiograph01barr]
8. ^Introduction to Physical Geography by Arthur Newell Strahler, Wiley, 1973, page 191
9. ^"Carmel-by-the-Sea Fact Sheet", Carmel Chamber of Commerce web site, Retrieved 2012-07-06, "Carmel enjoys moderately warm temperatures year round, with an average high of 65° F and an average low of 48° F. September and October (Indian Summer) offer the best weather of the year, with an average high of 72° F. Average rainfall, primarily between November and April, is 15 inches. Coastal fog is prevalent during the summer."
10. ^The Weather Channel web site, Retrieved 2012-07-06
11. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.intellicast.com/local/history.aspx?location=USCA9879 |title=Carmel-by-the-Sea historic weather averages |accessdate= 12 February 2010 |publisher=Intellicast}}