“Philokalia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Philokalia ({{lang-grc|φιλοκαλία}} "love of the beautiful, the good", from {{lang|grc|φιλία}} philia "love" and {{lang|grc|κάλλος}} kallos "beauty") is "a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters"^[1] of the Eastern Orthodox Church mystical hesychast tradition. They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in "the practice of the contemplative life."^[2] The collection was compiled in the eighteenth century by Nicodemus the Hagiorite and Macarius of Corinth.

Although these works were individually known in the monastic culture of Greek Orthodox Christianity before their inclusion in the Philokalia, their presence in this collection resulted in a much wider readership due to its translation into several languages. The earliest translations included a Church Slavonic language translation of selected texts by Paisius Velichkovsky (Dobrotolublye, Добротолю́бїе) in 1793, a Russian translation^[3] by Ignatius Bryanchaninov in 1857, and a five-volume translation into Russian (Dobrotolyubie) by Theophan the Recluse in 1877. There were subsequent Romanian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Finnish and Arabic translations.^[4]^[5]^[6]

The book is a "principal spiritual text" for all the Eastern Orthodox Churches.^[7] The publishers of the current English translation state that "the Philokalia has exercised an influence far greater than that of any book other than the Bible in the recent history of the Orthodox Church."^[8]

History

Velichkovsky was initially hesitant to share his translation outside of the Optina Monastery walls. He was concerned that people living in the world would not have the adequate supervision and guidance of the startsy in the monastery, nor would they have the support of the liturgical life of the monks. He was finally persuaded by the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg to publish the book in 1793. Brianchanivov expressed the same concerns in his work, warning his readers that regular practice of the Jesus Prayer, without adequate guidance, could potentially cause spiritual delusion and pride, even among monks. Their concerns were contrary to the original compiler of the Philokalia, Nicodemos, who wrote that the Jesus Prayer could be used to good effect by anyone, whether monastic or layperson. All agreed that the teachings on constant inner prayer should be practiced under the guidance of a spiritual teacher, or starets.^[11]

The first partial English and French translations in the 1950s were an indirect result of the Bolshevik revolution, which brought many Russian intellectuals into Western Europe. T. S. Eliot persuaded his fellow directors of the publishing house Faber and Faber to publish a partial translation into English from the Theophan Russian version, which met with surprising success in 1951. A more complete English translation, from the original Greek, began in 1979 with a collaboration between G. E. H. Palmer, Kallistos Ware, and Philip Sherrard. They released four of the five volumes of the Philokalia between 1979 and 1995.^[12] In 1946, the first installment of a ten volume Romanian translation by Father Dumitru Stăniloae appeared. In addition to the original Greek text, Stăniloae added "lengthy original footnotes of his own" as well as substantially expanding the coverage of texts by Maximus the Confessor, Symeon the New Theologian, and Gregory Palamas. This work is 4,650 pages in length.^[13] Writings by the Trappist monk Thomas Merton on hesychasm also helped spread the popularity of the Philokalia, along with the indirect influence of J. D. Salinger's Franny and Zooey, which featured The Way of a Pilgrim as a main plot element.^[14]

Teachings

The collection's title is The Philokalia of the Niptic Fathers,^[15] or more fully The Philokalia of the Neptic Saints gathered from our Holy Theophoric Father, through which, by means of the philosophy of ascetic practice and contemplation, the intellect is purified, illumined, and made perfect.^[7] Niptic is an adjective derived from the Greek Nipsis (or Nepsis) referring to contemplative prayer and meaning "watchfulness". Watchfulness in this context includes close attention to one's thoughts, intentions, and emotions, with the aim of resisting temptations and vain and egoistic thoughts, and trying to maintain a constant state of remembrance of God. There are similarities between this ancient practice and the concept of mindfulness as practiced in Buddhism and other spiritual traditions.^[16]^[17] The Philokalia teachings have also influenced the revival of interior prayer in modern times through the centering prayer practices taught by Thomas Keating and Thomas Merton.^[18]

Philokalia is defined as the "love of the beautiful, the exalted, the excellent, understood as the transcendent source of life and the revelation of Truth."^[19] In contemplative prayer the mind becomes absorbed in the awareness of God as a living presence as the source of being of all creatures and sensible forms. According to the authors of the English translation, Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard, the writings of the Philokalia have been chosen above others because they:

The Philokalia is the foundational text on hesychasm ("quietness"), an inner spiritual tradition with a long history dating back to the Desert Fathers.^[7] The practices include contemplative prayer, quiet sitting, and recitation of the Jesus Prayer. While traditionally taught and practiced in monasteries, hesychasm teachings have spread over the years to include laymen.^[10] Nikodemos, in his introduction, described the collected texts as "a mystical school of inward prayer" which could be used to cultivate the inner life and to "attain the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ." While the monastic life makes this easier, Nikodemos himself stressed that "unceasing prayer" should be practiced by all.^[2]

The hesychasm teachings in the Philokalia are viewed by Orthodox Christians as inseparable from the sacraments and liturgy of the Orthodox Church, and are given by and for those who are already living within the framework of the Church. A common theme is the need for a spiritual father or guide.^[20]

Timeline of editions and translations

This listing of texts is based on the English translation of four volumes by Bishop Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard. The fifth volume has yet to be published in English. Some works in the Philokalia are also found in the Patrologia Graecae and Patrologia Latina of J. P. Migne.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}

Volume 1

This piece by Anthony was changed to an appendix in the English translation by Palmer, Sherrard, and Ware (1979, p. 327), because of their view that the language and the general idea is not explicitly Christian and may not have been written by Antony.

Volume 2

Volume 3

Volume 4

Volume 5

This volume has not yet been published in English translation. These are the contents of the modern Greek translation.^[23]

Translations

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite book |author1=Ware, Kallistos |author2=Sherrard, Philip |title=The Philokalia: the complete text |publisher=Faber |location=London |year=1979 |page=10 |isbn=0-571-13013-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA10}}
2. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA14 Ware (1979), pp. 14-15.]
3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com/|title=Orthodox Thought|website=orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com|access-date=2017-03-24}}
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²[https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA11 Ware (1979), pp. 11–12.]
5. ^¹²{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Christopher D. L.|title=The Globalization of Hesychasm and the Jesus Prayer|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|series=Continuum Advances in Religious Studies|year=2010 |page=39|isbn=978-1-4411-2547-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2vBZdGXwAC&pg=PA39}}
6. ^[https://books.google.fi/books?id=FpwABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 Cook (2011), pp. 10.]
7. ^¹²³{{cite book |author1=Palmer, G. E. H. |author2=Ware, Kallistos |author3=Allyne Smith |author4=Sherrard, Philip |title=The Philokalia: The Eastern Christian Spiritual Texts—selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations) |publisher=Skylight Paths Publishing |location= |year=2006 |pages=vii–xiv |isbn=1-59473-103-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9e_9dXUqpQC&pg=PR7}}
8. ^Ware (1979), Publisher's blurb from back cover.
9. ^English translation online here
10. ^¹{{cite book |author1=Witte, John F. |author2=Alexander, Frank S. |title=The teachings of modern Orthodox Christianity on law, politics, and human nature |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2007 |page=6 |isbn=0-231-14265-X |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=THpyJ0jBeH0C&pg=PA6}}
11. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2vBZdGXwAC&pg=PA39 Johnson (2010), p. 38.]
12. ^{{cite book|last=Ware|first=Kallistos|title=The Monastic Magnet: Roads to and from Mount Athos|editor=René Gothóni, Graham Speake|publisher=Peter Lang|date=2008|pages=148–149|isbn=978-3-03911-337-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKsL6gpDJwEC&pg=PA148}}
13. ^Binns, John. An Introduction to the Orthodox Christian Churches (2002). Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-93. {{ISBN|0521661404}}
14. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=uN2vBZdGXwAC&pg=PA41 Johnson (2010), pp. 41-42.]
15. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA367 Ware (1979) pp. 367-368]
16. ^{{cite book|last=Dowd|first=E. Thomas|author2=Stevan Lars Nielsen|title=The Psychologies in Religion|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|date=2006|pages=55|isbn=978-0-8261-2856-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXQHUAn_GpcC&pg=PA55}}
17. ^{{cite book |author1=Braud, William |author2=Anderson, Rosemarie |title=Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: honoring human experience |publisher=Sage Publications |location=Thousand Oaks |year=1998 |page= 243|isbn=0-7619-1013-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xJpOxsLRXcC&pg=PA243}}
18. ^{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=G. E. H.|author2=Allyne Smith|title=Philokalia: the Eastern Christian spiritual texts |publisher=SkyLight Paths Publishing|date=2006|pages=14|isbn=978-1-59473-103-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9e_9dXUqpQC&pg=PR14}}
19. ^¹[https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA13 Ware (1979), p. 13.]
20. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=8ViqQ6qYSjIC&pg=PA16 Ware (1979), p. 16].
21. ^Binns, John. An Introduction to the Orthodox Christian Churches (2002). Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-93. {{ISBN|0-521-661404}}
22. ^¹{{cite book |title=Filokalia - V osa |editor=sisar Kristoduli |editor2=Matti Jeskanen |editor3=Irinja Nikkanen ja Maria Peltonen |publisher=Valamon Ystävät r.y. |date=2003 |pages=5-7 |isbn=951-96833-5-6}}
23. ^{{cite book|title= Φιλοκαλία των Ιερών Νυπτικκών, in Greek, translated into modern Greek by Antonios G. Galitis, Perivoli tis Panagias publishers, Thessaloniki, 3rd edition, 2002}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/union_with_god_kallistos_katafytiotis_angelikoudis.html |title=On Union With God and Life of Theoria, part translated into English |work= |accessdate=2010-06-02}}.