| 词条 | Caruncle (bird anatomy) |
| 释义 |
A caruncle is defined as 'a small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy'.[1] Within this definition, caruncles in birds include wattles (or dewlaps), combs, snoods, and earlobes. The term caruncle is derived from Latin caruncula, the diminutive of carō, "flesh".[2] TaxonomyCaruncles are carnosities, often of bright colors such as red, blue, yellow or white. They can be present on the head, neck, throat, cheeks or around the eyes of some birds. They may be present as combs or crests and other structures near the beak, or, hanging from the throat or neck. Caruncles may be featherless, or, have small scattered feathers. In some species, they may form pendulous structures of erectile tissue, such as the "snood" of the domestic turkey.[3][4][5] Caruncles are sometimes secondary sexual characteristics, having a more intense color or even a different color, developing as the male reaches sexual maturity. FunctionCaruncles are also ornamental elements used by males to attract females to breeding.[6] Having large caruncles or colorful bright ones indicates high levels of testosterone, that they are well-fed birds able to elude other predators thus showing the good quality of their genes.[7] It has been proposed that these organs are also associated with genes which encode resistance to disease.[7] It is believed that for birds living in tropical regions, the caruncles also play a role in thermoregulation, making the blood cool faster when flowing through them.[8] TurkeysThe beard (a tuft of modified brush-like feathers) also becomes erect. Muscovy ducksIn the context of Muscovy ducks, caruncles refer to the red fleshy mask that surrounds the head of adult birds, particularly prominent in adult drakes (males).[10] Birds with carunclesMany species from a variety of families have caruncles, including: {{colbegin}}
Gallery{{Gallery|title=Birds with caruncles |width=160 |height=120 |lines=4 |align=center |File:Rooster portrait2.jpg|Roosters often have large crests. |File:Mountain Caracara RWD.jpg|The mountain caracara, like many hawks, has carunculated features. |File:Saddleback tiritiri.jpg|The saddlebacks from New Zealand have wattles hanging from the sides of their beak. |File:Sarcoramphus papa in Panama.jpg|The king vulture has multi-colored wattles. |File:Casuaris casuaris 2008-11-02 332.JPG|The head and neck of the cassowary are covered with blue and two red wattles hanging from them. |File:Bariken bm2.JPG|The face of the Muscovy duck is covered with red wattles. }} References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lexic.us/definition-of/caruncle|title=Definition of caruncle|author=Lexic.us|access-date=April 20, 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caruncle|title=Caruncle|author=Merriam-Webster|access-date=April 20, 2013}} 3. ^{{cite book | title=Catalogue of the birds in the British Museum | publisher=British Natural History Museum Department of Zoology | author=Sharpe, Richard Bowdler | year=1888}} 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.wordreference.com/definition/caruncle | title=Caruncle definition | publisher=Word Reference Dictionary | accessdate=2014-05-16}} 5. ^{{cite book | title=The Birds Of America | publisher=Dover Publications |author1=Audubon, John James |author2=Amadon, Dean |author3=Bull, John L. | year=1967|oclc=555150}} 6. ^{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMMjW6AuzHAC&pg=PA702&dq=Caruncles+attract+females+breeding#v=onepage&q=Caruncles%20attract%20females%20breeding&f=false | title=The Complete Burke's Backyard: The Ultimate Book of Fact Sheets | author=Burke, Don | pages=702| isbn=9781740457392 | year=2005 }} 7. ^1 {{cite journal | title=Are large wattles related to particular MHC genotypes in the male pheasant? | journal=Genetica| volume=138| issue=6| pages=657–665| doi=10.1007/s10709-010-9440-5 | pmid=20145977|year = 2010|last1 = Baratti|first1 = Mariella| last2=Ammannati| first2=Martina| last3=Magnelli| first3=Claudia| last4=Massolo| first4=Alessandro| last5=Dessì-Fulgheri| first5=Francesco}} 8. ^{{cite book | url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v113n02/p0310-p0318.pdf | title=Thermoregulatory Role of the Unfeathered Head and Neck in Male Wild Turkeys | publisher=Sora.unm.edu | author=Buchholz, Richard | year=1996 | pages=311}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tpwmagazine.com/archive/2005/nov/skillbuilder/|title=Know your turkey parts|author=Graves, R.A.|year=2005|accessdate=April 20, 2013}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://hpbaa.com/Muscovy_Ducks.html |title=Muscovy Ducks |author=Heritage Poultry Breeders Association of America |year=2013 |accessdate=April 20, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} External links
3 : Bird topography|Bird anatomy|Anatomy |
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