| 词条 | Castillo de Bellver oil spill | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Castillo de Bellver oil spill | image = | image_size = | image_caption = | location = Saldanha Bay, Cape Town, South Africa | coordinates = {{Coord|33|16.55|S|17|30.28|E|display=inline,title}}[1] | spill_date = 6 August 1983 | cause = [https://www.panoramio.com/photo/6060820 fire] | operator = | casualties = 3 | volume = 145,000-170,000 tonnes (176,000-210,000 cubic metres){{refn|group=Note|In this article, conversions from oil weight to oil volume were calculated with a specific gravity of 0.82. Castillo de Bellver was carrying Murban (SG of 0.82) and Upper Zakum (SG of 0.86) light crudes.[2][3]}} | area = | coast = }} The MT Castillo de Bellver oil spill began on 6 August 1983, when the Spanish tanker caught fire off Saldanha Bay, approximately 70 miles northwest of Cape Town, South Africa. It was carrying 250,000 tonnes (300,000 cubic metres) of light crude oil, and was traveling through an environmentally sensitive area known for its seabird rookeries and important commercial fishing grounds.[4] The burning vessel was abandoned and broke apart after drifting offshore. The stern capsized and sunk and the bow was sunk using explosives. A total of 145,000-170,000 tonnes (176,000-210,000 cubic metres) of oil entered the sea.[5] Onshore impacts were considered negligible as the slick traveled seaward. The only visible impact was the oiling of 1,500 gannets that were on a nearby island.[6][7] Ship
The Castillo de Bellver was built in 1978 to carry light crude oil.[4] IncidentOn 6 August 1983, the Spanish oil tanker Castillo de Bellver was en route from the Persian Gulf to Spain[10] transporting 250,000 tonnes (300,000 cubic metres) of light crude oil. Around {{convert|80|km|abbr=on}} off Table Bay, South Africa, it exploded and proceeded to burn. The crew abandoned the ship, which proceeded to drift off the coast, eventually breaking in two at around 10 a.m.[10][11] Approximately {{convert|50000|-|60000|tonnes|lb|abbr=on}} of light crude was initially spilled into the sea, creating a flaming oil slick. By mid-morning, the ship trailed an oil slick {{convert|20|mi|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|3|mi|abbr=on}} wide.[10] A fishing trawler, Harvest Carina, rescued 32 crew members from a lifeboat. A passing container ship rescued another crew member. Three additional persons were declared missing.[10] The stern section of the ship capsized and sank on 7 August in deep waters, {{convert|36|km|abbr=on}} off the coast. There were {{convert|100000|-|110000|tonnes|lb|abbr=on}} of oil remaining in Castillo de Bellver A total of {{convert|78.5|MUSgal|Moilbbl|abbr=off}} of oil was released into the sea during the incident.[7] ResponseThe pollution threat to Cape Province beaches was initially considered "enormous", according to a Cape Town port official. He said that the current could move the oil slick away from the coast but that a {{convert|25|knot}} northwesterly wind could blow the oil towards the coast.[10] The oil initially drifted towards the coast. The wind then changed direction and took it offshore, where the slick entered the north-west flowing Benguela Current.[12] Weather conditions proved to be conducive to spill response and helped prevent a major onshore environmental disaster. Approximately {{convert|230|m3|gal}} of diluted chemical dispersant and {{convert|4|m3|gal}} of dispersant concentrate were sprayed at the edge of the slick, preventing it from coming within {{convert|32|km|abbr=on}} of the shore.[4] On August 10, the {{convert|150|km2|adj=on}} slick was almost {{convert|30|nmi}} offshore as the bow of the tanker was being towed out to sea.[13] By August 12, over 200 oiled birds had been recovered "with feathers glued with oil" and taken to conservation centers in Cape Town. Many more were expected to be received.[14][6] Environmental impactThe accident area is both ecologically and economically sensitive, rich in flora and fauna. It is also home to a large seabird population. Half of South African lobster and fish landings are caught within this zone, which is also an important nursery area for many fish species.[4] The known environmental consequences of the spill were considered small. About 1,500 gannets that were gathered on a nearby island in preparation for breeding season were oiled. Some seals surfaced during dispersant spraying but are not believed to have been harmed.[15][12] "Black rain" of oil droplets fell immediately to the east of the spill during the first 24 hours on wheat-growing and sheep-grazing fields, but no long-term damage was recorded.[12][15] The impact on local fish stocks was considered minimal.[7] According to tests conducted on sediment and water samples and plankton trawls, no abnormal presence of hydrocarbons was detected.[4] Notes1. ^{{Cite report |author=Moldan, Anton |others=South African Oil Industry Environment Committee |year=1997 |title=Response to the Apollo Sea Oil Spill, South Africa |url=http://ioscproceedings.org/doi/pdf/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-777 |publisher=International Oil Spill Conference |format=PDF |accessdate=2014-08-22}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Castillo De Bellver, South Africa, 1983|url=http://www.itopf.com/in-action/case-studies/case-study/castillo-de-bellver-south-africa-1983/|publisher=The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited|accessdate=23 March 2017|date=6 August 1983}} 3. ^List of crude oil products 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite web|url = http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/castillo_de_bellver/castillo_de_bellver.php|title = Castillo de Bellver|date = 2010-06-15|accessdate = 2014-08-18|website = Cedre|publisher = |last = |first = |location = France}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Moldan|first1=A.G.S.|last2=Jackson|first2=L.F.|last3=McGibbon|first3=S.|last4=Van Der Westhuizen|first4=J.|title=Some aspects of the Castillo de Bellver oilspill|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|date=March 1985|volume=16|issue=3|pages=97–102|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025326X85905302|accessdate=8 March 2017|doi=10.1016/0025-326x(85)90530-2}} 6. ^1 {{cite web|title=Castillo De Bellver, South Africa, 1983|url=http://www.itopf.com/in-action/case-studies/case-study/castillo-de-bellver-south-africa-1983/|website=IOPF|publisher=The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited|accessdate=8 March 2017|date=6 August 1983}} 7. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url = http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/energy/coal-oil-gas/biggest-oil-spills-in-history-castillo-de-beliver-1983#slide-7|title = 10 Biggest Oil Spills in History|date = 2012|accessdate = 2014-08-17|website = Popular Mechanics|publisher = |last = Casselman|first = Anne}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?101863 |title=CASTILLO DE BELLVER TANKER 1978-1983 |accessdate=2014-08-22}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/-7386477 |title=CASTILLO DE BELLVER - Crude oil tanker |accessdate=2014-08-22}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/07/world/ship-breaks-up-off-cape-town-sending-oil-spill-toward-beaches.html|title = SHIP BREAKS UP OFF CAPE TOWN, SENDING OIL SPILL TOWARD BEACHES|last = |first = |date = 1983-08-07|work = |accessdate = 2014-08-17|newspaper = The New York Times|location = New York, USA}} 11. ^{{cite news|last1=Langewiesche|first1=William|title=Salvage Beast|url=http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/12/nick-sloane-costa-concordia-salvage|accessdate=14 March 2017|publisher=Vanity Fair|date=12 November 2014}} 12. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url = http://www.oilspillsolutions.org/majorspills.htm|title = Case Histories > Major Spills|date = |accessdate = 2014-08-17|website = OilSpillSolutions.org|publisher = |last = |first = }} 13. ^{{Cite news|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article116422483|title = Oil slick threat passes|last = |first = |date = 1983-08-10|work = |accessdate = 2014-08-17|newspaper = The Canberra Times|location = Canberra, Australia}} 14. ^{{Cite news|url = http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article116422872|title = Operation to clean oil-covered birds|last = |first = |date = 1983-08-12|work = |accessdate = 2014-08-17|newspaper = The Canberra Times|location = Canberra, Australia}} 15. ^1 {{Cite web|url = http://joyeresearchgroup.uga.edu/public-outreach/marine-oil-spills/other-spills/castillo-de-bellver|title = Castillo de Bellver|date = |accessdate = 2014-08-17|website = University of Georgia > Joye Research Group > Outreach|publisher = |last = |first = }} References 6 : 1983 in the environment|Oil spills|Environment of South Africa|1983 in South Africa|Maritime incidents in South Africa|Maritime incidents in 1983 |
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