“Phototroph”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Phototrophs (Gr: φῶς, φωτός = light, τροϕή = nourishment) are the organisms that carry out photon capture to acquire energy. They use the energy from light to carry out various cellular metabolic processes. It is a common misconception that phototrophs are obligatorily photosynthetic. Many, but not all, phototrophs often photosynthesize: they anabolically convert carbon dioxide into organic material to be utilized structurally, functionally, or as a source for later catabolic processes (e.g. in the form of starches, sugars and fats). All phototrophs either use electron transport chains or direct proton pumping to establish an electro-chemical gradient which is utilized by ATP synthase, to provide the molecular energy currency for the cell. Phototrophs can be either autotrophs or heterotrophs. As their electron and hydrogen donors are inorganic compounds [{{Chem|Na|2|S|2|O|3}} (PSB) and {{Chem|H|2|S}} (GSB)] they can be also called as lithotrophs, and so, some photoautotrophs are also called photolithoautotrophs. Examples of phototroph organisms: Rhodobacter capsulatus, Chromatium, Chlorobium etc.

History

Originally used with a different meaning, the term took its current definition after Lwoff and collaborators (1946).^[1]^[2]

Photoautotroph

Most of the well-recognized phototrophs are autotrophic, also known as photoautotrophs, and can fix carbon. They can be contrasted with chemotrophs that obtain their energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments. Photoautotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source. Green plants and photosynthetic bacteria are photoautotrophs. Photoautotrophic organisms are sometimes referred to as holophytic.^[3] Such organisms derive their energy for food synthesis from light and are capable of using carbon dioxide as their principal source of carbon.

Oxygenic photosynthetic organisms use chlorophyll for light-energy capture and oxidize water, "splitting" it into molecular oxygen. In contrast, anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria have a substance called bacteriochlorophyll - which absorbs predominantly at non-optical wavelengths - for light-energy capture, live in aquatic environments, and will, using light, oxidize chemical substances such as hydrogen sulfide rather than water.

Ecology

In an ecological context, phototrophs are often the food source for neighboring heterotrophic life. In terrestrial environments, plants are the predominant variety, while aquatic environments include a range of phototrophic organisms such as algae (e.g., kelp), other protists (such as euglena), phytoplankton, and bacteria (such as cyanobacteria). The depth to which sunlight or artificial light can penetrate into water, so that photosynthesis may occur, is known as the photic zone.

Cyanobacteria, which are prokaryotic organisms which carry out oxygenic photosynthesis, occupy many environmental conditions, including fresh water, seas, soil, and lichen. Cyanobacteria carry out plant-like photosynthesis because the organelle in plants that carries out photosynthesis is derived from an ^[4] endosymbiotic cyanobacterium.^[5] This bacterium can use water as a source of electrons in order to perform CO₂ reduction reactions. Evolutionarily, cyanobacteria's ability to survive in oxygenic conditions, which are considered toxic to most anaerobic bacteria, might have given the bacteria an adaptive advantage which could have allowed the cyanobacteria to populate more efficiently.

A photolithoautotroph is an autotrophic organism that uses light energy, and an inorganic electron donor (e.g., H₂O, H₂, H₂S), and CO₂ as its carbon source. Examples include plants.

Photoheterotroph

In contrast to photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs are organisms that depend solely on light for their energy and principally on organic compounds for their carbon. Photoheterotrophs produce ATP through photophosphorylation but use environmentally obtained organic compounds to build structures and other bio-molecules.^[6]

Flowchart

See also

References

1. ^Lwoff, A., C.B. van Niel, P.J. Ryan, and E.L. Tatum (1946). Nomenclature of nutritional types of microorganisms. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (5th edn.), Vol. XI, The Biological Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 302–303, .
2. ^Schneider, С. K. 1917. Illustriertes Handwörterbuch der Botanik. 2. Aufl., herausgeg. von K. Linsbauer. Leipzig: Engelmann, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/32951#/summary].
3. ^{{cite book | title=The Facts on File dictionary of biology | last=Hine | first=Robert | publisher=Infobase Publishing | year=2005 | page=175 | isbn=978-0-8160-5648-4}}
4. ^Hill, Malcolm S. “Production Possibility Frontiers in Phototroph:heterotroph Symbioses: Trade-Offs in Allocating Fixed Carbon Pools and the Challenges These Alternatives Present for Understanding the Acquisition of Intracellular Habitats.” Frontiers in Microbiology 5 (2014): 357. PMC. Web. 11 March 2016.
5. ^3. Johnson, Lewis, Morgan, Raff, Roberts, and Walter. "Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplast." Molecular Biology of the Cell, Sixth Edition By Alberts. 6th ed. New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, 2015. 774+. Print.
6. ^{{Cite book|title=Biology|last1=Campbell|last2=Reece|last3=Urry|last4=Cain|last5=Wasserman|last6=Minorsky|last7=Jackson|first1=Neil A.|first2=Jane B.|first3=Lisa A.|first4=Michael L.|first5=Steven A.|first6=Peter V.|first7=Robert B.|edition=8th|isbn=978-0-8053-6844-4|page=564|year=2008}}