“Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka ({{IPA-zu|pʰumziːle m̩lamboᵑǀʱuːkʼa|Zulu pronunciation:}}; born 3 November 1955)^[1] is a South African politician and United Nations official, and is currently serving as the Executive Director of UN Women with the rank of Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Mlambo-Ngcuka served as Deputy President of South Africa from 2005 to 2008, as the first woman to hold the position and at that point the highest ranking woman in the history of South Africa. During her period as deputy president of South Africa, she oversaw programmes to combat poverty and ensure the poor benefit from the advantages of a growing economy.^[2]

Early life and education

Mlambo-Ngcuka obtained a bachelor's degree in social science and education from the National University of Lesotho in 1980, as well as a master's degree in philosophy from the University of Cape Town in 2003, which dealt with educational planning and policy.^[3] In 2013 she completed a doctorate from the University of Warwick.^[3] The work covered using mobile technologies to support Teacher Development in resource poor nations. She was awarded an honorary doctorate from Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University in 2014^[4]

Youth development

From 1981 to 1983 Mlambo-Ngcuka taught in KwaZulu-Natal, after which she moved to Geneva to work with the World Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) from 1984 to 1989,^[3] as the organisation's Youth Director, where she advocated for job creation for young people within the UN system and promoted development education in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Mlambo-Ngcuka was the first president of the Natal Organisation of Women.^[5] During this time she also founded and directed the Young Women's International Programme.

From 1987 to 1989 Mlambo-Ngcuka was director of TEAM, a developmental Non-Government Organisation (NGO) in Cape Town, as well as being involved with squatter women and African independent churches to promote economic self-reliance and running skills training programmes.^[6] From 1990 to 1992 she was director of World University Service, a funding agency, as well as being involved in the management of funds donated to development organisations by Swedish and Swiss government development agencies. She started and managed her own management consulting company, Phumelela Services, during 1993 and 1994.^[3]

Career in national politics

Member of Parliament

In 1994 Mlambo-Ngcuka became a Member of Parliament, chairing the Public Service Portfolio Committee. She was deputy minister in the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) from 1996 until 1999, during which time she also was a founding member of the Guguletu Community Development Corporation. From 1997 she served as member of the national executive committee of the African National Congress (ANC), as well as being the provincial vice-chairperson of the ANC Western Cape.

Mlambo-Ngcuka was Minister of Minerals and Energy from June 1999 to June 2005. During this time she was a driving force behind the government's policy of creating New Order Mining Rights which ended a period where big mining firms which controlled nearly all South Africa's minerals reserves, were able to hold mining rights to them in perpetuity. Mlambo-Ngucka's policy of 'use it or lose it' created a situation where mining rights became available to a much broader segment of the population including many previously disadvantaged black people. She served as acting Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology from February 2004 to April 2004.^[1]

She led the Southern African Development Community mission to observe the controversial 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary election, which congratulated "the people of Zimbabwe for holding a peaceful, credible and well-mannered election which reflects the will of the people."

Deputy President

On 22 June 2005, President Thabo Mbeki appointed her as deputy president of South Africa, after he relieved Jacob Zuma of the post the week before. Mlambo-Ngcuka's husband, Bulelani Ngcuka, was head of South Africa's National Directorate of Public Prosecutions at the time and charged with fighting organised crime. It was the NDPP which had determined that criminal charges should be brought against Zuma. It is Zuma's position that the charges against him are politically motivated. Soon after her appointment she was booed by Zuma supporters at a rally in KwaZulu-Natal, an incident that was not covered by the public broadcaster, the SABC, which led to accusations of bias.^[7] In August 2005, commenting on the slow pace of the Willing Buyer Willing Seller land reform program in South Africa, she stated that South Africa could learn about land reform from Zimbabwe. This comment caused alarm and was condemned by the parliamentary opposition.^[8]

In December 2007, she lost her position on the ANC's National Executive Committee after party delegates elected a pro-Zuma slate.^[9]

President Mbeki resigned in September 2008 after the National Executive Committee, objecting to Mbeki's alleged role in Jacob Zuma's prosecution for criminal activities, decided to recall him. On 23 September, in the wake of this, most of the South African cabinet resigned, Mlambo-Ngcuka among them.^[10]

Executive Director of UN Women

On 10 July 2013, Mlambo-Ngcuka was appointed as Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (UN Women) by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. She was sworn into Executive Director of UN Women on August 19, 2013. She succeeds Michelle Bachelet.^[12]

Under Mlambo-Ngcuka's leadership, UN Women worked with Publicis and Ogilvy on launching the HeForShe campaign.^[13] In November 2017 Mlambo-Ngcuka welcomed the Elsie Initiative to help increase women’s participation in peacekeeping operations in a joint statement with fellow UN Under-Secretary-General Pramila Patten.^[14]

In addition to her role at UN Women, Mlambo-Ngcuka also served a two-year term as member of the World Bank Group’s (WBG) Advisory Council on Gender and Development from 2015 until 2017.^[15] In November 2018, United Nations Secretary General António Guterres appointed her to the United Nations' Task Force on Digital Financing of Sustainable Development Goals, co-chaired by Maria Ramos and Achim Steiner.^[16]

Other activities

Controversies

During Mlambo-Ngcuka's tenure as Minister of Minerals and Energy the parastatal company PetroSA made an advance payment of ZAR15 million (approx. $1.5 million) to a private company Imvume, which in turn made a ZAR11 million donation to the ANC ahead of the 2004 elections. It is alleged that Imvume has close links to the ANC. These events have been dubbed the "Oilgate" scandal by South African media.

Although there was never any evidence that Mlambo-Ngcuka was involved in any way media reports cast suspicion her way. In order to clear her name Mlambo-Ngcuka asked South Africa's Public Protector to investigate the issue. The subsequent report cleared her completely. Because Mlambo-Ngcuka's brother Bonga Mlambo was involved with Imvume on a planned hotel project at the time, he was at first alleged to have been involved in Imvume's oil business. These allegations also proved to be groundless.^[22]

Mlambo-Ngcuka faced another controversy during the South African political scandals in January 2006 when it emerged that she went with her family and a friend Thuthukile Mazibuko-Skweyiya in December 2005, on a taxpayer-funded holiday at the cost of ZAR4 million to the United Arab Emirates. This was dubbed the Gravy Plane scandal by the South African media, and came at a sensitive time, as the ANC was preparing to fight local government elections. Once again Mlambo-Ngcuka asked the Public Protector to investigate and once again she was cleared of any wrongdoing. The public protector found that the South African security services had decided that because of security reasons a government plane be used for the journey and that Mlambo-Ngcuka had no role in influencing this decision.

Personal life

Mlambo-Ngcuka is married to the former head of the National Prosecuting Authority, Bulelani Ngcuka. They have five children, four of whom were adopted.

References

1. ^¹Profile {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207150607/http://www.info.gov.za/leaders/deppres/index.html |date=7 December 2012 }}, South African Government Information.
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/phumzile-mlambo-ngcuka|title=Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka|last=|first=|date=|website=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/phumzile-mlambo-ngcuka|access-date=}}
3. ^¹²³cv, http://www.unwomen.org/, Retrieved 25 August 2016
4. ^{{cite web|last1=NMMU|title=NMMU doctorate receipients 2014|url=http://news.nmmu.ac.za/Life@NMMU/April-2014/Honorary-doctorates-all-humble-recipients|accessdate=25 October 2015}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://psiimpact.com/2013/07/the-daily-impact-un-women-taps-former-south-african-leader/|title=The Daily Impact: UN Women Taps Former South African Leader|last=|first=|date=11 July 2013|website=Impact|publisher=|access-date=9 September 2016}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-03-12-ramaphosa-opens-up-to-phumzile-mlambo-ngcuka/|title=Ramaphosa opens up to Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka|access-date=2018-05-23|language=en-US}}
7. ^{{cite news | last = Mofokeng | first = Moffet | coauthors = | title = How a lone cameraman 'dented' SABC's credibility | work = | pages = | language = | publisher = M&G | date = 2006-08-19 | url = http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=248529&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__national/ | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}]
8. ^{{cite news |last = Sapa |first = |coauthors = |title = SA could learn from Zim, says Mlambo-Ngcuka |work = |pages = |language = |publisher = IOL |date = 2005-08-10 |url = http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=13&art_id=qw112369500781B225#jump |accessdate = 2006-10-12 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114095031/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1#jump |archivedate = 14 November 2006 |df = dmy-all}}
9. ^Brendan Boyle, "Winnie Mandela tops ANC election list" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002120731/http://www.thetimes.co.za/News/Article.aspx?id=666599 |date=2 October 2008 }}, The Times (South Africa), 21 December 2007.
10. ^"Confusion rattles markets", Sapa (IOL), 23 September 2008.
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2009-03-01-phumzile-macozoma-throw-lot-in-with-cope|title=Phumzile, Macozoma defect to Cope|publisher=Mail & Guardian Online|date=1 March 2009|accessdate=1 March 2009}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sga1423.doc.htm |title=Secretary-General appoints Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka of South Africa Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) |publisher=United Nations |work=Press release |date= 10 July 2013}}
13. ^Stuart Elliott (March 7, 2014), [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/07/business/media/un-campaign-asks-men-to-support-womens-rights.html U.N. Women’s Rights Group Seeks Men’s Support] New York Times.
14. ^Joint Statement by Phumzile Mlambo Ngcuka and Pramila Patten on the launch of the Elsie Initiative, UN Women
15. ^World Bank Advisory Council on Gender and Development: 2015-2017 Members World Bank Group.
16. ^[https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/personnel-appointments/2018-11-29/task-force-digital-financing-sustainable-development Task Force on Digital Financing of Sustainable Development Goals] United Nations, press release of November 29, 2018.
17. ^Board Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children.
18. ^Members of the International Jury Princess Sabeeka Bint Ibrahim Al Khalifa Global Award for Women's Empowerment.
19. ^Global Advisory Council African Leadership Academy (ALA).
20. ^[https://genderchampions.com/champions Members] International Gender Champions (IGC).
21. ^[https://mandelarhodes.org/the-foundation/trustees/ Board of Trustees] Mandela Rhodes Foundation.
22. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.publicprotector.org/news/media_releases/29072005.htm |title=Media Statement from the Office of the Public Protector of the Republic of South Africa, Adv Mabedle Lawrence Mushwana |access-date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204141037/http://www.publicprotector.org/news/media_releases/29072005.htm |archive-date=4 December 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}