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词条 Caves of Meghalaya
释义

  1. History

  2. Numbers and size of caves

  3. Conservation

  4. List of twenty longest caves in Meghalaya

  5. References

  6. Bibliography

The Caves of Meghalaya comprise a large number of caves in the Jaintia, Khasi Hills and Garo Hills districts in the Indian state of Meghalaya, and are amongst the longest caves in the world. Of the ten longest and deepest caves in India, the first nine are in Meghalaya, while the tenth is in Mizoram. The longest is Krem Liat Prah in the Jaintia Hills, which is {{convert|30957|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}.[1][2]{{Sfn|Daly|2013|p=123}} The word "Krem" means cave in the local Khasi language.[3]

The exploration of the Caves of Meghalaya is currently undertaken for both scientific and recreational pursuits,[4]) and there are still many unexplored and partially explored caves in the state.[5] The annual caving expeditions organized by Meghalaya Adventurers Association (MAA) are known as "Caving in the Abode of the Clouds Project".[5][6] The caves, because they are located primarily in limestone formations, continue to come under threat from the limestone mining industry.[3]

History

According to the Bengal gazette, Krem Mawmluh was the first cave to be explored by a British subject, Lt. Yule, in 1844.[7] Siju Cave in Garo Hills was studied in 1922 when {{Convert|1200|m}} was explored and four species of cave life forms were identified.{{Sfn|Daly|2013|p=40}} After the British Raj period extensive interest has been generated in caving as an adventure sport in the state. Since the 1990s, an exclusive organization known as the Meghalaya Adventurers Association (MAA) (located in Shillong) has been carrying out annual explorations in association with European speleologists, cavers from India, experts from other regions of the world, the Indian Army and the Indian Navy,[2][5][8] bringing to light a large number and length of caves in Meghalaya, relative to other known karst regions of the country.[8]

Numbers and size of caves

As of March 2015, 1,580 caves and cave locations have been identified in Meghalaya, of which 980 caves have been fully or partially explored, for a total length of {{Convert|427|km}} caves explored.[9] With an explored length of {{Convert|30957|m}}, Krem Liat Prah in Jaintia Hills is the longest cave in Meghalaya, as well as India, and is listed among the longest caves in the world.{{Sfn|Daly|2013|p=123}}[16] Krem Liat Prah contains a huge passage called the "Aircraft Hangar."[1] Since the MAA was established in 1994, the explored caves account for only about 5% of the total underground passages in the state of Meghalaya.[10]

Conservation

Limestone mining for the cement industry is a major threat to the Caves of Meghalaya,[3] causing a major collapse of the Krem Mawmluh cave, the seventh longest cave in the state of Meghalaya. The "cave-in" stimulated public awareness of the potential threat mining places to the rich scientific, tourism and ecological heritage. Ecologists and speleologists pressured the Government of Meghalaya to take effective steps to stop limestone mining in the vicinity of the limestone caves in the state.[3] During the mid 1990s, a cement plant was planned close to the Siju Cave (called the Bat Cave), near Balphakram National Park in the Garo Hills. This project generated strong opposition from the local community, supported by international scientists, as the cave hosts many rare species of bats. After considerable public pressure was applied, the Ministry of Environment and Forests finally withheld clearance for the project.[11]

List of twenty longest caves in Meghalaya

{{plainlist|
  • Krem Chympe
  • Piel Khlieng Pouk

}}
SystemLengthLocationFormationRemarks
Krem Liat Prah30957|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013|p=123}}[12]Jaintia HillsLimestone In the Shnongrim Ridge. Huge trunk passage called the Aircraft Hangar. Longest cave in the Indian Subcontinent.[1]
  • Krem KotSati
  • Kotsati – Umlawan Cave System

}}		21530|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013|p=123}}Lumshnong village, Jaintia HillsLimestone24 entrances, both horizontal and vertical. Needs to swim to enter the caves[1]
  • Krem Tyngheng
  • Diengjem

}}		21250|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013|p=71}}Jaintia HillsLimestoneDaly|2013|p=123}}
  • {{nowrap|Krem Umthloo-Synrang Labbit}}
  • Synrang-Pamiang

}}		18181|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}{{Sfn|Daly|2013|p=123}}Chiehruphi village, on NH 44, Jaintia HillsLimestoneDendritic pattern of stream cave passage. Many entrances. "Titanic Hall" chamber with coloured formations in orange, red, black, grey, blue, green and white.[1]
12434|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]From village Khaddum to Sielkan, Jaintia HillsLimestone6|-|8| m}} high. Large colony of bats.[1]
  • Krem Shrieh
  • Tangnub

}}		8862|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[1]Tangnub village, Jaintia HillsLimestone97|m}} depth leads to fine stream passage and plethora of high fossil passages.[1]
Krem Tyngheng8671|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestone
  • Krem Mawkhyrdop
  • Krem Mawmluh

}}		7194|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Khasi HillsLimestone2.5|ft}}, formations of stalactite, stalagmite, and rock fossils. Also large number of bats.[13] A speleothem in Mawmluh cave indicates a dramatic worldwide climate event around 2250 BC, and has been selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as the boundary stratotype of the Meghalayan stage/age of the late Holocene.[14]
  • Krem Lymput
  • Nongjri

}}		6641|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Nongjri village, Khasi HillsLimestone1|km}} passage called 'Way to Heaven," and further to a Mughal Room (more than {{Convert|25|m}} wide, {{Convert|25|m}} high, and {{Convert|75| m}} long).[1]
Krem Rongdangngai Mondil Kol}}5831|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestone
  • Krem Shyrong Labbit
  • Shyieng Khlieh

}}		5715|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestone
Tetengkil Balwakol5681|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Nengkhong village, Garo HillsLimestone1|m}} dia expanding to walking height passages with dendric river flow.[1]
Krem Umsynrang5612|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestone
  • Siju Cave
  • Siju–Dobhakhol

}}		4772|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Siju village, Garo HillsLimestoneIt is in the vertical side of the Simsang River.[15] Also known as "bat cave". Has attractive stalagmites and stalactites. It has a Di's chamber.[1] The cave has been extensively researched and is well known.[16]
Krem Risang4565|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestone
Krem Synrang Ngap4172|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestoneInitial reaches consist of calcite bosses to reach a major junction leading to an inlet tunnel converging to a smaller section of passage beyond which are potholed galleries with cave pearl-like sandstone pebbles in the floor[17]
Krem Synrang Labbit3933|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestone
Krem Wah Ryngo – Khongrang3416|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Jaintia HillsLimestone
Krem Iawe3398|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Shnongrim-Tangnub Ridge, Jaintia HillsLimestoneDaylight lit very wide pothole entrance. A number of attractive fossil passages.[1]
Krem Mawshun3339|m|sp=us|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}[4]Near church Lelad, Khasi HillsLimestoneDendritic master river cave. Has many decorated high level passages.[1]

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{Cite web|url=http://megtourism.gov.in/caves.html|title=Caves|publisher=Tourism Department, Government of Meghalaya}}
2. ^1 {{Cite news|last=Kaur|first= Preetinder |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140409/jobs.htm#6|title=Subject Matter: Speleology:Explorers’ delight |date=9 April 2014|newspaper=The Tribune India}}
3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080428/jsp/northeast/story_9195867.jsp|title=Cave-in proves ecologists right- Limestone mining causes part of India’s seventh longest cave to collapse|date=28 April 2008|publisher=The Telegraph India}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{Cite news|url=http://meghalayadaily.com/caves.html|title=Caves in Meghalaya (As on February 2006)|date=February 2006|newspaper=Meghalaya Daily}}
5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.adventurenation.com/activity/caving|title=What is Caving|publisher=Adventure & Nature Network Pvt. Ltd|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704182137/https://www.adventurenation.com/activity/caving|archivedate=2015-07-04|df=}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiancaving.org.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=exploration:2000|title= Exploration 2000: Caving in the Abode of the Clouds Project |publisher=Indian caving Organization}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/The%20biodiversity%20of%20Krem%20Mawkhyrdop.pdf|format=pdf|title=The biodiversity of Krem Mawkhyrdop of Meghalaya, India, on the verge of extinction}}
8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://caves.org/pub/journal/PDF/v71/cave-71-01-81.pdf|format=pdf|title=Scuttle Flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from Caves in Meghalaya, India|publisher= Journal of Cave and Karst Studies}}
9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://cavingnews.com/20150330-2015-meghalaya-caving-expedition-continues-to-find-new-caves|title=2015 Meghalaya Caving Expedition Continues to Find New Caves|date= 30 March 2015 |publisher= cavingnews.com}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.caves.res.in/journal/articles/Amb_Sci_01(2)_Features.pdf|format=pdf|title=Longest/Deepest Limestone Caves of Indian Subcontinent|year=2014|publisher=Ambient Science}}
11. ^{{cite book|author=Bengt G. Karlsson|title=Unruly Hills: A Political Ecology of India's Northeast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-MRFbForK4C&pg=PA182|date=15 May 2011|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0-85745-105-7|pages=182–}}
12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.caverbob.com/wlong.htm|title= Worlds Longest Caves|date=4 June 2015|publisher= caverbob.com}}
13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.outdoorjournal.in/how-to-2/caving/caving-for-beginners/|title=Caving for beginners – Meghalaya|date=20 August 2013|work=The Outdoor Journal}}
14. ^[https://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/news/formalsubdivisionoftheholoceneseriesgeogr18.pdf Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch]
15. ^{{cite book|author1=Kamal Ramprit Dikshit|author2=Jutta K Dikshit|title=North-East India: Land, People and Economy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iorHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124|date=21 October 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-7055-3|pages=124–}}
16. ^{{cite book|author=Brian D. Kharpran Daly|title=Caves for the Uninitiated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AQGdP3KegYC&pg=PA40|date=January 2013|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-61897-470-9|pages=40–}}
17. ^{{Cite web|url= http://www.bec-cave.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1196:meghalaya-2005&catid=62&Itemid=566&lang=en|title=Meghalaya|publisher=Bristol Exploration Club}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|last= Daly |first=Brian D. Kharpran |title=Caves for the Uninitiated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AQGdP3KegYC&pg=PA123|date=January 2013|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-61897-470-9|ref=harv}}
{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

2 : Meghalaya-related lists|Caves of Meghalaya
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