| 词条 | Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart) | ||
| 释义 |
| name = Piano Sonata in A major | subtitle = No. 11 | composer = Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | image = MozartExcerptK331.svg | image_upright = 1.3 | alt = | caption = The beginning | other_name = | key = A major | catalogue = K. 331 / 300i | style = Classical period | composed = {{start date|1783}}? | dedication = | published = 1784 | movements = Andante grazioso, Menuetto, Alla turca – Allegretto | scoring = | misc = {{audio|MozartExcerptK331.mid|Play}} }} The Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major, K. 331 / 300i, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a piano sonata in three movements. It is uncertain where and when Mozart composed the sonata; however, Vienna or Salzburg around 1783 is currently thought to be most likely (Paris and dates as far back as 1778 have also been suggested). The sonata was published by Artaria in 1784, alongside Nos. 10 and 12 (K. 330 and K. 332).[1] StructureThe sonata consists of three movements: {{Ordered list|type=upper-roman|Andante grazioso |Menuetto |Alla turca – Allegretto }} All of the movements are in the key of A major or A minor; therefore, the work is homotonal. A typical performance of this entire sonata takes about 20 minutes.[2] I. Andante grazioso
Since the opening movement of this sonata is a theme and variation, Mozart defied the convention of beginning a sonata with an allegro movement in sonata form. The theme is a siciliana, consisting of two 8-measure sections, each repeated, a structure shared by each variation. The tempo marking is Andante grazioso (walking pace, gracefully). It is in the key of A major. {{Clear}}II. MenuettoThe second movement of the sonata is a standard minuet and trio movement in A major. The minuet is 40 measures long, and the trio is 52. III. Alla turca{{Listen|type=music|filename=Mozart-Marsz turecki-(Romuald Greiss).ogg|title=Alla turca|description=Performed by Romuald Greiss on an 1850 {{Interlanguage link multi|Józef Walenty Budynowicz|pl|3=Józef Walenty Budynowicz|lt=Budynowicz}} piano}}The last movement, marked Alla turca, popularly known as the "Turkish Rondo" or "Turkish March", is often heard on its own and is one of Mozart's best-known piano pieces.
\\time 2/4 \\partial 4 \\tempo "Allegretto" 4=126 b16-4\\p^"P.T. H.S."( a gis a-1 c8-.-3) r d16-3( c b c e8-.-4) r f16-4( e dis e-1 b'-4 a gis a b a gis a c4->) a8-.-2 c-.-4 \\appoggiatura {g!32[_"(a)" a]} b8-.->[ < }\ew Staff{ \\clef "bass" r4 a,,8-5([ < }>> } } Mozart himself titled the rondo "Alla turca".[3] It imitates the sound of Turkish Janissary bands, the music of which was much in vogue at that time.[4] Various other works of the time imitate this Turkish style, including Mozart's own opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail. In Mozart's time, the last movement was sometimes performed on pianos built with a "Turkish stop", allowing it to be embellished with extra percussion effects. The third movement is a rondo in the form A–B–C–D–E–C–A–B–C–coda, with each section (except the coda) being repeated.
Relationships to later compositionsThe theme of the first movement was used by Max Reger in his Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Mozart (1914) for orchestra.[5] Dave Brubeck's "Blue Rondo à la Turk" (1959) is not based on or related to the last movement.[6] 2014 autograph discoveryIn 2014, a Hungarian librarian discovered four pages of Mozart's original score (autograph) of the sonata in Budapest's National Széchényi Library. Until then, only the last page of the autograph survived. The paper and handwriting of the four pages matched that of the final page of the score, held in Salzburg. The original score is close to the first edition, published in 1784.[7] However, in the first movement, in bars 5 and 6 of Variation V, the rhythm of the final eight note of the bar was altered by various editions throughout time. In the menuetto, the last quarter beat of bar 3 is a C-sharp in most editions, but in the autograph an A is printed.[8] Zoltán Kocsis gave the first performance of the discovered score in September 2014.[9] References1. ^{{Cite book|first=John|last=Irving|title=Understanding Mozart's Piano Sonatas|publisher=Ashgate|year=2013|isbn=9781409494096|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuGhAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|page=54}} 2. ^{{Allmusic|class=composition|id=mc0002374455|first=Brian|last=Robins|label=Piano Sonata No. 11 in A Major ("Alla Turca") K. 331 (K. 300i)|accessdate=1 June 2011}} 3. ^John Thompson's Modern Course for the Piano: The Fifth Grade Book. The Willis Music Company; Cincinnati, Ohio, 1952. 4. ^Schmidt-Jones, Catherine. "Janissary Music and Turkish Influences on Western Music", 10 May 2010 5. ^"Max Reger's Mozart Variations", presented by Walter Parker, Vermont Public Radio, 19 March 2012 6. ^Sleeve notes to Time Out, notnowmusic.com 7. ^{{cite news|last1=Kozinn|first1=Allan|authorlink=Allan Kozinn|title=A Mozart Mystery: Sonata Manuscript Surfaces in Budapest|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/01/a-mozart-mystery-sonata-manuscript-surfaces-in-budapest/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=1 October 2014|page=C4}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://mozart.oszk.hu/index_en.html#significance|title=K. 331 Sonata in A major|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=12 January 2018}} 9. ^{{cite news|title=A rediscovered sonata, as Mozart intended|url=http://www.afp.com/en/news/rediscovered-sonata-mozart-intended|work=AFP|date=27 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009130744/http://www.afp.com/en/news/rediscovered-sonata-mozart-intended/|archivedate=2014-10-09|accessdate=2015-02-14|deadurl=yes}} External links{{Commons category|Piano Sonata No. 11, K 331}}
4 : Piano sonatas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|1783 compositions|Compositions in A major|Variations |
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