| 词条 | Celtic rain forest |
| 释义 |
The Celtic rain forest is the wet forest in Ireland, western Scotland, and western Wales, near the Atlantic Ocean, which is dominated by sessile oak (Quercus petraea), downy birch (Betula pubescens) and hazel (Corylus avellana). The large number of rainy or misty days, high humidity, overall high annual precipitation, and small annual temperature variation (equable temperature), makes this an important habitat numerous common and rare species of mosses, liverworts, and lichens.[1][2][3][4] There is an exceptional number of epiphytic plants (plants growing on or hanging from trees without being parasitic.[1] The ground is covered with a deep blanketing of mosses and liverworts, which rise up the trunks of the trees onto the horizontal branches and up into the canopy.[1] The Scottish Natural History Scientific Advisory Committee writes, "the whole area is a lichenologists’ Mecca".[1] Physical conditions{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}Evolutionary history{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}Ecology{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}Diversity and taxaRavines are full of tangled vegetation.[1] TreesTrees include oaks, ash, elm, cherry, and willow.[1] Understory flora{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}Liverworts{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}Mosses{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}LichensRare lichen communities are found using the mosses as a substrate, and add colour to the understory.[1] Lungworts are lichens in the genus Lobaria, and four of the species can be huge, up to {{convert|.3|m|ft}} or more across. Lichens of genera Pannaria, Parmeliella, and Degeliaspecies add a lead-grey color.[1] Genus Stictas lichens are very dark. The fruit of jelly lichens (Biatora sphaeroides) are pink, those of Dimerella lutea are bright yellow, and those of dog lichen in the genus Peltigera make chestnut colored fruits in the shape of shields.[1] The weight of the lichens using mosses as a substrate gradually causes the moss carpeting to peel off the trees, where heaps rare lichens can be found on the ground.[1] The more alkaline bark of ash and hazel favour growth specklebellies (Pseudocyphellaria spp.), custard (Parmentaria chilense).[1] In the grazed birch woodland on higher ground, the bark has a high acidity due to leaching by the high rainfall. This area is dominated by silvery-grey leafy species of lichens that grow directly on the tree bark, not on mosses.[1] Fauna{{Empty section|date=August 2014}}Historic human use, conservation, and preservationHistorically wood from this forest was gathered by repeatedly cutting down the tree stems to near the ground coppiced), where it resprouted.[1] The wood was used for charcoal, tanning, and bobbin-making. These practices ended in the mid-1800s. There is currently wildland management for conservation.[1] Since the 20th century, conservation effort has resulted in many of the woods being protected and managed to address problems such as invasive Rhododendron, excessive grazing from sheep and deer, and non-native plantation trees.[5] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Important habitats for lichens, The Celtic rain forest, Scottish Natural Heritage online, 2. ^Lichen Glossary, Allen Silverside 3. ^Atlantic Hazelwoods: the case for conservation of a newly-recognised woodland type, Scottish Natural heritage Scientific Advisory Committee, 3-20-2014, 4. ^Atlantic hazel: Scotland’s special woodlands, A. M. Coppins, B. J. Coppins, Atlantic Hazel Action Group: Kilmartin, UK, 2012 5. ^Bain C (2015)The Rainforests of Britain and Ireland - A Traveller's Guide. Sandstone Press, Dingwall
8 : Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests|Ecoregions of the United Kingdom|Forests and woodlands of Scotland|Biota of Scotland|Biota of Ireland|Biota of Wales|Forests and woodlands of Ireland|Forests and woodlands of Wales |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。